Exercise 4. Read the following sentences, notice carefully the words in bold, and translate the sentences into Russian.

a. There were studies in the 1980s that suggested that black defendants were more likely to be sent to prison than their white counterparts.

b. They reported that women were far less likely than men to receive a custodial sentence for virtually all indictable offences except for drug offences.

c. They also reported that women were less likely to receive prison sentences, irrespective of the number of previous convictions

d. Regardless of whether women offenders as a whole receive harsher treatment, there is support for the view that women who are single or divorced, or who have children in care are more likely to receive a custodial sentence than women who have a stable family life.

e. The law of a country will usually reflect the moral values accepted by the majority of the country, but the lawis unlikely to beexactly the same as the common religious moral code

5. Causative HAVE (have + object +past participle)

“Anyone who was injured or had property damagedas a result of the incident could bring a civil action to claim compensation.”

Remember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In a causative a person does not perform an action directly. Tom had a tooth filled.

But have + object + past participle may have a different meaning. For example:

“In this way the law upholds the rights of people not to be assaulted or to have their possessions stolen (all their possessions were stolen)or whatever else the particular crime involves.” With this meaning have + object + done is used to say that something (which is not nice) happens to somebody or their belongings.

Exercise 5. Choose the incorrect word or phrase and correct it.

a. Have you had your temperature taking yet?

b. We are going to have our car fix before we go to Toronto.

c. Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist to be filled their teeth.

d. Most presidential candidates have their names print on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary election.

e. How did he have his credit card stealing?

f. John had his arm break in an accident.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

a. What is the distinction between criminal law and civil law based on?

b. What are the main differences between criminal law and civil law?

c. What functions do criminal cases and civil cases have?

d. What courts do criminal cases and civil cases operate in?

e. What is the standard of proof in criminal cases and civil cases?

Exercise 2. Decide whether the following words are used in civil cases or criminal cases:

· bail

· claimant

· damages

· fine

· guilty

· liable

· prosecution

· sue

One of these courts hears civil cases and one criminal cases. Which is which?

*County Court

* Crown Court

Exercise 3. Fill in the chart of the main differences between civil cases and criminal cases

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 1378