SPECIAL PROBLEMS YOU NEED TO KNOW

Since and as (reason)

‘Since the law does cover a wide variety of matters…’

Since and as can be used when we give the reason for something.

Exercise 1. Now study these sentences with since and as and make up sentences of your own.

a. The victim will not necessarily be given any compensation, since the case is not viewed as a dispute between the burglar and the householder.

b. Many cases arise from road traffic crashes, since drivers owe a duty of care to anyone who might be injured by their negligent driving.

c. As knowledge of the law has increased among the general public, so have the number and range of constitutional law cases.

d. As police powers in Great Britain are very wide there are safeguards in that the police officer must give his name and station and the reason for the search.

e. When two farmers met in early-nineteenth-century New England, wrote Francis Underwood, the author of a study of small-town life, ‘their greeting might seem to a stranger gruff or surly, since the facial muscles were so inexpressive, while in fact, they were on excellent terms”.

f. In 1976, Gary Gilmore persuaded the U.S. Supreme Court that his death sentence should be carried out since he had been convicted and sentenced for murder according to due legal processes. This brought about a resumption of executions in the United States, which continues today.

Between and among

‘The first distinction is that between international and national (municipal) law’

‘…there are often wide differences between the law of individual countries.’

Between and amonghave the same meaning, but between is used with two nouns and among is used with three or more nouns or a plural noun. Remember that a/ between is also used to say that there are things (or groups of things) on two sides; b/ between, not among, is used after the word ‘difference’. There are many differences between criminal cases and civil cases.

Exercise 2. Insert ‘between’ or ‘among’ in the following sentences.

a. There was a valley … high mountains.

b. I saw something … the wheels of the car.

c. He was standing laughing … a crowd of journalists.

d. He has a number of criminals … his friends.

e. What are the main differences … crows, rooks and jackdaws.

f. Rick and his wife can usually solve their problems … them.

g. Profits are divided … the stockholders of the corporation.

h. The votes were evenly divided … the Democratic and Republican candidates.

i. Negotiation is an informal approach … the parties themselves or their lawyers.

j. It is important to understand the difference … civil law and criminal law.

k. In a federal form of government like that of the United States, power is divided … the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Each and every

‘National law is the law which applies within a country: each country will have its own national law…’

Remember that each suggests a distinct individual or a thingin a group, while every suggest people or things together (“all without exception). Each refers to one of a group of two or more.Every refers to one of a group of three or more. It cannot refer to two.

Exercise 3. Insert ‘each’ or ‘every’ in the following sentences.

a. ,… bench of magistrates is assisted by a clerk.

b… division of the High Court has its own Divisional Court which has the power to hear appeals from inferior courts and tribunals.

c. The general nature of the law is that it is enforced equally against … member of the nation.

d.… order, resolution, or vote that is required to pass both houses of Congress must be sent to the President of the United States.

e.… house of Congress makes the rules for its proceedings.

f.… house keeps a journal of what it does from day to day.

g.… actor must learn his words by heart.

h… actor has a different method of learning his lines.

As well as

‘As well as these areas of private law, there are also laws relating to land,…’

‘However, the criminal courts have the power to order that the offender pays the victim compensation and can make such an order, as well as punishing the offender.’

As well as has the similar meaning to ‘not only … but also’.

Usually as well as introduces information which is already known to the reader; the rest of the sentence gives new information.

Exercise 4. Study these sentences and explain the use of as well as.

a. As well as these areas of private law, there are also laws relating to land, to copyright and patents, to marine law and many other topics,…”

b. The Lord Chancellor is the Speaker of the House of Lords when it is sitting in its legislative capacity, and takes part in debates there: he can also introduce new bills for consideration. As well as his functions listed above, the Lord Chancellor has important administrative functions.

c. As well as defining the powers of government, most constitutions describe the fundamental rights of citizens.

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 1230