Infinitive or gerund?

Some English verbs are followed by infinitive (They agreed to come), other verbs are followed by gerund(Did you enjoy flying?) and there are also verbs followed by infinitive and gerund (She began to work - She began working).

1. The verbs followed by infinitive only.

agree decide hope order promise

allow demand instruct permit refuse

appear encourage invite persuade remind

arrange fail learn plan seem

ask forbid manage prepare swear

choose force offer pretend warn

He decided to study at university. We hoped to find it. Did he seem to like it? They allowed me to smoke.

I ordered my son to send it.

2. The expressions followed by infinitive.

be about make up one's mind turn out

do one's best set out

He was about to start. I did my best to learn it. I haven't made up my mind to start yet. It turned out to be your car. We set out to cut the tree.

3. The verbs followed by gerund only.

admit enjoy forgive mind risk

consider escape imagine miss suggest

delay excuse insist practise understand

dislike finish keep prevent

She admitted telling him. Did you escape writing the test? I don't want to risk coming late.

Excuse, forgive and prevent are used with three different forms.

Excuse my being late. Excuse me being late. Excuse me for being late.

4. The expressions followed by gerund.

be against can't help look forward to

be interested in care for it's no use/good

can't stand give up it's worth

I can't stand waiting for hours. I can't help laughing. Don't give up studying this chapter. It's no use working so late. Is the film worth seeing?

5. The verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds.

A. With the same meaning.

begin can't bear allow recommend it requires

start intend permit it needs it wants

continue advise

Did you continue driving/to drive? He can't bear smoking/to smoke.

If the verbs advise, allow, permit, recommend are used with the indirect object, they are followed by infinitive. If not, gerund must be used.

They didn't allow us to eat there. They didn't allow eating there.

She recommended John to read this book. She recommended reading this book.

After the expressions it needs/requires/wants gerund is more common than infinitive.

The car needs washing/to be washed. The flower wants watering/to be watered.

B. The verbs that have a different meaning with infinitive or gerund.

Remember

I remember watching the match. It was fantastic. We use gerund to talk about earlier actions.

I remembered to watch the match.And so I sat down and switched on the TV. The infinitive is used to talk about following actions.

Try

I tried calling him because I needed to test my new mobile phone. I made an experiment with my mobile.

I tried to call him because I needed to meet him. I made an attempt to get in touch with him.

Love/like/hate/prefer

In the conditional tense these verbs are used with the infinitive.

I'd like to drive. I'd love to drive. I'd hate to drive. I'd prefer to drive.

In other tenses they are used with infinitives or gerunds, but both forms have a slightly different meaning.

I like driving. I love driving. I hate driving. I prefer driving.

I like to drive. I love to drive. I hate to drive. I prefer to drive.

Compare:

I like going to the cinema. (I enjoy it.)

I like to go to the dentist twice a year. (I don't enjoy it, but I go there, because it is good for my health.)

I hate ironing. (It is my least favourite activity. I never enjoy it.)

I hate to iron on Sundays. (I don't mind ironing, but not on Sundays.)

Go on

After dinner he went on showing us his photos.

The gerund is used when we want to say that a previous activity continues.

He gave us a lecture on the Greek history. And then he went on to show us his photos from Greece.

The infinitiv is used when we want to describe an activity that follows a previous action and is somehow connected to it.

Stop

I stopped smoking. This means that I do not smoke anymore.

I stopped to smoke. I made a pause to have a cigarette.

Mean

I didn't mean to hurt you. I say that I didn't do it on purpose.

We can go to Spain. But it means spending more money. In this sentence we describe the consequences.

Be afraid

She was afraid of getting married. Any marriage is something that frightens her.

She was afraid to marry Bill. She doesn't mind getting married, but the marriage with Bill frightens her.

I'm sorry

I'm sorry for telling you. I apologize for a previuous action.

I'm sorry to tell you that your flight will be delayed. I apologize for something that will happen.

The infinitive with this expression can also mean sorrow.

I'm sorry to hear that your wife is ill.

Note

There are a lot of verbs and expressions that are used with gerunds and infinitives. In this chapter we only tried to mention the most frequently used verbs.

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 1181