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Joseph-Michel Montgolfier

The content

1. The content

2. Introduction

3. Napoleon

4. Joseph-Michel Montgolfier

5. Jean-Paul Marat

6. Conclusion

7. References

 

 

Great figures of France

 

Introduction

 

It’s important to know history, but not only history of a country where we live. It’s obvious that history made us, something could be different, and who knows how we could live now. First of all, history helps to understand the past and the present. When we study about what has happened in the past, we always look at important figures, important events, important groups, ideas, and movements. Understanding history means understanding basic concepts and ideas. We can learn more relationships, human nature, events or actions of another people through the history. Reading about the history of different countries makes us to understand the pain, the joy and just all feelings. We can understand what it means to have no food, or what is means to be rich and without love. Just like reading a book, history is a big book filled with many real stories. By understanding what has happened in the past and the current situation of today, we can better understand what can happen in the future. Of course we shouldn’t believe in everything what was written or told, we should check information many times, read more, and explore this wonderful world of history.

In my research paper, I decided to tell you about three men. What is common in them? Firstly, they are all French figures. Second thing is more important, they all contributed to the development of their country and influenced the world. I consider them to be great people. We remember their names till nowadays.

Napoleon Bonaparte, Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, Jean-Paul Marat are three persons, who I ‘m going to write about.

 

Great figures of France

 

 

Napoleon

 

Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) is one of the most famous figure in France. He was a prominent French politician and military leader.

During the French Revolution, Napoleon began to be the commander of the artillery and after storming of Toulon he started his career as a brigadier general. He managed to establish relationships with new government and work with one of the rulers of France – Barras. He became his assistant, and successfully dispersed the Royalist uprising in Paris( 1795). After that event Barras appointed Napoleon Bonaparte as a commander of Paris garrison.

As soon as he got a new post, Bonaparte defeated troops of Sardinia and Austria, signed a peace with Austria: France received territory on the left bank of the Rhine and all Lombardy. Thus, Napoleon returned to France being quite a powerful political figure, a peacemaker, very popular person among the masses.

Napoleon began a military campaign in Egypt, but it was not successful, he failed it (1798).

The position of the Directory was so weak that France was again on the verge of revolution, and the return of Napoleon (he was favorite figure of the audience by that time) was a real triumph. Once his life was in danger, somebody wanted to kill him, but this attempt (on Bonaparte life) failed, a talented politician took advantage of that great excuse and broke up the Directory, the Jacobins were executed and Napoleon dealt with the Republicans. Napoleon opened himself a straight way to the authorities,



proclaiming Consulate regime in France( November 9, 1799). According to the new law, the country had to be editing by three consuls. First one, of course, Napoleon Bonaparte. The Senate elected him for ten years and it’s not hard to guess that he got unlimited power. As to talk about his power, even in matters of international diplomacy, Napoleon has reserved the right to vote, his decisions were the most important.

 

Great figures of France

 

 

Bonaparte achieved the supreme power. For his country, he tried to do the best. Napoleon changed the course of domestic policy. On the one hand , he fixed the achievements of the revolution. I’m talking about the civil rights and ownership. He introduced a civil code, named as Napoleonic code (1804). The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws. Historian Robert Holtman regards it as one of the few documents that have influenced the whole world. Assuming the power over France, which un a very difficult financial situation, Napoleon Bonaparte tried to fix the situation by entering save mode. In addition, he established the National bank and eliminated paper’s money, this way he made francs monetary unit of France. The leader had the education reform, what was really important not only for France, but for whole world, many of schools, which were based by him, operate nowadays. All these changes helped Bonaparte to increase his popularity among people. "Leaves no doubt that the French government under Napoleon devoted considerable attention to creating a favorable public opinion" (Robert Holtman). Such a conclusion is supported by Holtman's discussion of the various forms, media, and techniques used by Napoleon to influence public opinion throughout the Consular and Imperial periods.

“From theater to newspapers, from his famous bulletins to his patronage of the arts, from his censorship of the press to his own writing of newspaper articles, Napoleon proved to be a consummate master of public relations”( http://www.gutenberg-e.org/haw01/haw01.html).

Napoleon did everything what was possible to strengthen and toughen his power. He created the establishment of the State Police with the secret agents. He was a really smart politician, he understood the enormous role of the media to shape public opinion. So, a lot of free newspapers were closed, leaving about a dozen, and they should obey directly to the government. Napoleon restored Catholicism in France. According to the agreement to them in 1801, the Concordat, the Pope

Great figures of France

 

 

recognized the new French government, and the main religion in the country was declared Catholicism. The church was subordinated by the country and financed by it.

As to foreign policy, Napoleon was very aggressive. Ambitious, passionate, confident in the success of any of his undertakings, Bonaparte wanted to subdue almost the whole world. He led a series of conquest wars. The goals of wars were reaching the continental supremacy of France. Perhaps, Napoleon was famous in the centuries as a great leader.

Napoleon was a good emperor of France for me. But other people thought he was a tyrant ruler. But I think he was just a smart ruler. But he had a very powerful impact on history. At the end he was defeated and lost France he was no longer powerful. But if he never had an impact on history he would never accomplish his dream, which was people to talk about him after he leaves, and it became true because when he left people talked about him a lot. Napoleon said “My downfall raises me to infinite heights”(http://www.ljhammond.com/notebook/nap.htm). And because of that people still talk about him today.

“I had ambition, a great deal of it—but the grandest and noblest, perhaps, that ever was: the ambition of establishing and consecrating at last the kingdom of reason and the full exercise, the complete enjoyment, of all human capabilities!”(Napoleon Bonaparte).

 

 

Great figures of France

Joseph-Michel Montgolfier

Joseph Michel Montgolfier(1740-1810) was French investor. He and his brother, Jacques Étienne Montgolfier(1745-1799) invented the first practical balloon. They sent up at Annonay, near Lyons, a large linen bag inflated with hot air; its flight covered more than a mile and lasted 10 min (June 5, 1783). In the same year a Montgolfier balloon sailed over Paris the first manned free balloon flight.

He improved the manufacture of paper, invented a method of stereotyping, and constructed an air-pump for rarefying the air in the moulds. Numerous objects nowadays occupied his inventive genius. His most important work, however, was in connexion with hydraulics and aeronautics. I think he brought a lot of ideas for our future.

Joseph-Michel Montgolfier was placed by acclamation on the list of correspondents of the Academy, "as scientists to whom we are indebted for a new art that will make an epoch in the history of human science"(20 August, 1783).

He was noted as a really strong man and for courageous philanthropy. During the stormy days of the Revolution he offered and ensured protection and asylum to many proscribed people, a lot of them he even didn’t know by names. "Siding with no faction, he submitted to the political laws unless they were in opposition to the laws of humanity, and awaited with confidence the return of order". His business having been ruined, he decided to move to Paris, where the new Government welcomed and rewarded him. He was called to the consulting bureau of arts and manufactures, was named demonstrator of the Conservatory of Arts and Trades, was received at the Institute, as the successor of Coulomb, and was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour (1807).

I consider him to be a really great man. Joseph Michel Montgolfier contributed greatly to the development of science. He made our world better and brought a lot of innovations to our society.

 

 

Great figures of France

 

Jean-Paul Marat

Jean-Paul Marat (May 24, 1743 - July 13, 1793), was born in the principality of Neuchatel, was a physician, political theorist and scientist best known in France, as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution.

His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance against the "enemies of the revolution" and the major reforms to the poorest members of society. Marat was one of the most extreme voices of the French Revolution, and he became a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes, he broadcast his views through passionate public speaking, writing essays and newspaper journalism, which held its message across France.

Under the new regime, he spent two-thirds of the time in hiding, under threat of arrest, subject to multiple seizures. The bulk of his correspondence has disappeared, sown to the winds. His work as a journalist, exposed to multiple forgeries, is difficult to rebuild.

"A good prince is the noblest works of the creator, the cleaner to honor human nature and to represent the divine" but that "for a good prince, how many monsters on the earth."(Jean-Paul Marat). He speaks of the new regime that will force so often underground, "We say and believe Republicans to be. I do not know what a republic, if not that of Carthage, where everything was venal to honor. "

It will accept one day that Marat, despite a new Constitution, new laws, new meetings, new people in power think that in other "masks" - a term he often used - the perversion reborn, that slavery and misery can be perpetuated or even increase. And at the same time, it is not an anarchist, he displayed a unique energy when he sees a passing lane, it finds the action to pierce the mystery.

To encourage and again to read carefully and Marat shades, remember, as examples, he sees an unnecessary provocation in the removal of titles of nobility, a tragedy for the poor in the way that has occurred the confiscation of Church property, he claims that the abolition of corporations

Great figures of France

 

 

announced a disaster for the quality of life and appreciation of natural or manufactured products. As a state terror put to the agenda after his death, it would have been contrary to his whole philosophy.

 

 

Great figures of France

 

 

References

 

http://www.gutenberg-e.org/haw01/haw01.html

http://www.ljhammond.com/notebook/nap.htm

Robert Holtman Napoleonic Propaganda (1950)

 

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Joseph_Michel_Montgolfier.aspx

 

http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/motor/aeronautics/balloons/montgolfier.htm

http://home.nordnet.fr/blatouche/H5.html

Coquard Olivier , Jean-Paul Marat (1998)

www.biografiasyvidas.com

 


Date: 2016-01-14; view: 814


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