Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

Fractions

In a fraction, the denominator tells us how many parts the whole is divided into, and the numerator tells us how many of those parts we're dealing with.

We can read this fraction as four (cordinal number)- fifths (ordinal number), four (cordinal number) over five (cordinal number), or four (cordinal number) divided by five(cordinal number).

Examples: 1/2 a half;11/16 eleven sixteenth; 1/3 a/one third; 4 2/5 four and two fifths; 1/4 a/one quarter; 1/16 a/one sixteenth; 236/407 two hundred thirty six over four hundred and seven; 0.3 nought point three; 0.527 nought point three seven five; 8.9 eight point nine;1.5 one and a half; 2.5 two and a half.

With fractions below 1, we use of before nouns. Half is a little bit different.

(three quarters of an hour; eight tenth of a mile; a fifth of students)

For decimals below 1, you can use of or a plural noun.

(nought point seven of a mile = nought point seven miles)

Fractions and decimals over 1 are normally followed by plural nouns.

(One and a half hours; 2.7 millimeters)

To express amounts and measurements, use singular verbs with fractions and decimals.

(3.6 kilometer is about 2 miles)

But to express numbers of people or things, use plural verbs.

(Half the students are tired.A fifth of the tickets have been sold.)

We can use a or one. One is more formal.

(a hundred;one hundred)

A can only be used at the beginning of a number.

(a/one hundred; three thousands one hundred)

Exercise 3.Write the following fractions out in words:

a) ½ _____________________________________

b) ¾ _____________________________________

c) 2/3 _____________________________________

d) 4/5 _____________________________________

e) ¼ _____________________________________

f) 1/3 _____________________________________

g) 1/1 _____________________________________

h) 6/8 _____________________________________

Family Doctor Service

In the first half of the last century, the vast majority of physicians typically completed medical school and went directly into practice. They functioned as broadly trained "generalist" physicians, handling common problems seen in the community.

The trend towards producing mоrе narrowly trained "specialists" through additional (i.е. postgraduate) training in hospital-based settings began а World War II. In the 1960s many governments, concerned about providing essential health services to the entire population, began to establish new medical schools to train more specialist physicians decreasing percentage of family doctors.

But during the 1970s and 1980s universities and medical schools in a growing number of countries introduced training programs in family medicine. The aim of these programs was to produce well-trained generalist physicians capable of providing comprehensive, continuous, and high-quality medical саrе. Almost all countries have developed post-graduate training programs and process for certification of family physicians.

At present family or general practitioners are employed in office practice, provide emergency саrе, and make house calls in virtually all countries. The professional attention of a family doctor is available to everyone. If a serious illness develops or diagnosis is difficult he may call in a consultant and get hospital treatment without reference to any outside authority. In some countries, family doctors exist only in the private sector. And still relatively young specialty of family medicine is progressing well.

In 1972 representatives from 13 countries established the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) to enhance the education, research activities and role of the family doctor in health systems. Today the membership comprises a great number of national academic organizations of family doctors from many countries.

However, in many countries, family medicine is not recognized as specialty and does not have a valued role in the health system. Medical practice in these countries has become increasingly disease oriented, organ-system focused and hospital-based.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 4. Answer the questions.

1. What physicians did the medical schools train in the first part of the last century?

2. When did the trend towards producing more narrowly trained "'specialists" begin?

3. When were training programs in family medicine introduced?

4. What does a family doctor do if à serious illness develops or diagnosis is difficult?

5. How is a family doctor remunerated?

6. When was the World Organization of Family Doctors established?

7. Who may bесоmе a direct member of WONCA?

8. What is the object of WONCA?

9. What is the characteristic ойпейса1 practice in the countries where family medicine is not recognized?

10. What must the Family Doctor integrate?

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 1420