In the given sentences identify the words formed by means of back-formation.

TYPES OF FORMING WORDS. AFFIXATION

EXCERCISES

State the type and the way of forming words.

Model 1:impression

The type of forming the word impression is derivation. The way of forming it is affixation.

Model 2:cupboard

The type of forming the word cupboard is composition.

Pale-green, to undergo, a jump, prosperous, to night, a peace-maker, breakage, mother-in-law, international, to empty, a bridesmaid, management, narrow-minded, knowledge, a driveway, a baby-sitter, the poor, unknown, play-acting, a fall, whiteness, week-long, to dress, marriage, business, sportsman, to nurse.

Identify the type of forming words.

a. Coke < coca-cola; hols < holidays; crocogator; slanguage; VIP; long – length; mumble; UNO; compound (adj) – compound (v); breathe (v) – breath (n) tend < attend; Oxbridge; netizen; circs < circumstances; protest (n) – protest (v); enthuse; televise; UFO; sing – song; transceiver.

b. Cablegram; mark < market; FIFA; bathe (v) < bath (n); bang; cuckoo; perfect (adj) – perfect (v); shelve (v) – shelf (n); thump-thump; intuit; permit (n) – permit (v); neigh; NASA; cert < certainly; deep (adj) – depth (n); quacking; abstract (n) – abstract (v); fizz; flextime.

3. Classify cases of shortening into the following groups: 1) initial shortenings; 2) medial shortening; 3) final shortening; 4) initial and final shortenings.

Vac < vacuum cleaner, tec < detective, gator < alligator, chute < parachute, Frisco < San-Francisco, soccer < Association Football, miss < mistress, bus < omnibus, quiz < inquisitive, curio < curiosity, fan <fanatic.

4. Sort out the given acronyms according to their pronunciation: 1) those that are read as ordinary English words; 2) those with the alphabetic reading.

MP – Member of Parliament, FIFA – Federal International Football Association, the FO – the Foreign Office, ESOL – English for Speakers of Other Languages, the FCO – the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, EAP – English for Academic Purposes, DEFRA – the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the FDI – the Food and Drug Administration, TEFL – teaching of English as a Foreign Language, FAQ – frequently asked questions, ESP – English for Specific Purposes, NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ESL – English as a Second Language.

5. Classify the words of sound imitation into three groups: 1) words denoting sounds produced by human being or expressing their feelings; 2) words denoting sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, etc.; 3) words imitation the sound of water, a forceful motion, movement, etc.

Fizz, giggle, moo, whiz, bang, mew, pop, buzz, cuckoo, cheep, grumble, cackle, croak, quacking, babble, mumble.

In the given sentences identify the words formed by means of back-formation.

1. The existing systems begin to obsolesce. 2. Nick was very peeved by his refusal to cooperate. 3. They both enthused over my new look. 4. She didn’t like that he frivoled in such a serious situation. 5. I intuited his real identity. 6. They televised a live debate between the party leaders. 7. There is no one worth butling for. 8. Mountain peaks are classified according to their shape. 9. They didn’t want him to orate at the meeting. 10. It was pure greed that made me finish all those chocolates.

Define and write down the derivational base of the given nouns into the first column. Classify the derivational suffixes according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base they are added to.

Model: arrival

The derivational base of the noun arrival is arrive(e) -. The suffix –al is added to the verbal base and thus it may be qualified as a deverbal suffix.

8. Distribute the given words formed by means of the polysemantic suffix –ship according to three meanings of this suffix into three corresponding groups: 1) ‘skills or abilities’; 2) ‘position or occupation’; 3) ‘relationship or connection between people’.

Friendship, showmanship, workmanship, kinship, doctorship, partnership, comradeship, musicianship, chairmanship, professorship, lectureship, sportsmanship, acquaintanceship, studentship, salesmanship.

9. Classify suffixes forming the given nouns according to their generalizing meaning into three groups: 1) suffixes denoting people of different professions or of different kinds of activity; 2) suffixes denoting appurtenance; 3) suffixes denoting collectivity or collection of; 4) suffixes denoting diminutiveness.

Bureaucracy, assistant, Portuguese, trainee, sisterhood, actress, piglet, painter, machinery, aunty, cloudlet, Dutch, accountancy, womanhood, wolfing, membership, yuppiedom, Hungarian, historian, lecturette, duckling, finery, scientist, babykins, Scottish, readership, supervisor, nightie, aristocracy.

10. Sort out the words according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base prefixes are added to: 1) deverbal; 2) denominal; 3) deadjectival; 4) deadverbial.

Amoral, informally, non-smoker, impatient, illogical, unlearn, uneasy, irrational, dishonour, destabilize, atypical, non-verbal, unlock, disability, independently, decamp, immature, unbutton, illegal.

11. Combine the prefixes dis-, il-, non-, ir-, un-, im-, in-, de, a- with the appropriate derivational base from the list.

Relevant, regulate, payment, happy, responsible, typical, possible, classify, agreement, practical, mystify, resistible, sensual, literate, obedience, academic, tie, adequately, septic, clean.

12. Analyze different meanings of the prefix over- forming the given words. Classify these words according to the generalizing meaning of the prefix over- under the following headings: 1) ‘addition’; 2) ‘outer, covering’; 3) ‘a person engaged in a certain activity or an agent of an action’.

Overlay (v, n), over-king (n), overprint (v), overcoat (n), overreacher (n), overtime (adv), overstitch (n), overman (n), overseer (n), overcast (v), overlap (v), overnighter (n), overdub (v), overboot (n), overlooker (n), overall (n), overlander (n).

13. Analyze different meanings of the prefix over- forming the given words. Classify these words according to the generalizing meaning of the prefix over- under the following headings: 1) ‘excess’; 2)‘time (age)’; 3) ‘position or place’.

Over-thirty, overdevelop (v), overhang (v), overambitious (adj), overseventeen (n), overhead (adv), overprotective (adj), overfly (v), overdose (n), overtwenty (n), overleaf (adv), overcareful (adj), overside (adv), overdress (v), overground (adj).

14. The italicized words in the following jokes are formed by derivation. Sort them out according to: 1) those formed with the help of productive affixes; 2) those formed with the help of non-productive affixes.

1. ‘I’d like you to come right over,’ a man phoned an undertaker, ‘and supervise the burial of my poor, departed wife.’

‘Your wife!’ gasped the undertaker. ‘Didn’t I bury her two years ago?’

‘You don’t understand,’ said the man. “You see I married again.’

‘Oh,’ said the undertaker. ‘Congratulations.’

2. Willie was invited to a party, where refreshments were bountifully served.

‘Won’t you have something more, Willie?’ the hostess said.

‘No, thank you,’ replied Willie with an expression of great satisfaction. ‘I’m full.’

‘Well, then,’ smiled the hostess, ‘put some delicious fruit and cake in your pocket to eat on the way home.’

‘No, thank you,’ came the rather startling response of Willie, ‘they are full too,’

Date: 2016-01-14; view: 2541