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History of English Language

This article may not meet the general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (November 2010)

 

NAME LOCATION FOUNDED CEASED ATTACKS FOUNDER SUBSEQUENT LEADERS TACTICS FAMOUS ATTACK INFLUENCED BY ACCUSED OF TERRORISM BY
                   
Narodnaya Volya Russian Empire     bombings, assassinations Assassinated Tsar Alexander II, 1881    
Hunchakian Revolutionary Party Ottoman Empire Avetis Nazarbekian     Destroyed Ottoman coat of arms, 1890 Narodnaya Volya  
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Ottoman Empire Christopher Mikaelian     Held hostages at Ottoman Bank, 1896 Hunchakian Revolutionary Party  
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Ottoman Empire Hristo Tatarchev     Led Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, 1903 Narodnaya Volya  
Irish Republican Army Ireland Eamonn de velara Michael Collins   Kilmichael Ambush, 1920 Irish Republican Brotherhood;  
Irgun British Mandate Palestine Avraham Tehomi Menachem Begin bombings King David Hotel bombing, 1946 Irish Republican Army  
Lehi British Mandate Palestine Abraham Stern Yitzhak Shamir assassinations Lord Moyne assassination, 1944 Irish Republican Army  
Muslim Brotherhood Egypt   Hassan al-Banna   assassinations Assassinated former PM Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, 1948    
Front de Liberation National Algeria       Toussaint Rouge attacks, 1954 Indochina rebels  
EOKA Cyprus George Grivas          
ETA Spain       bombings, assassinations Assassinated "President" Blanco, 1978    
Fatah Palestine   Yasser Arafat     Munich Olympics massacre, 1972 Algerian rebels  
PLO Palestine     Yasser Arafat 1978 Coastal Road massacre      
PFLP Palestine         Black September skyjacking, 1970 Che Guevara  
PFLP-GC Palestine         Hangglider shooting, 1970    
DFLP Palestine         Avivim school bus massacre, 1970    
Front de libération du Québec Quebec Georges Schoeters   bombings, kidnappings, assassinations October Crisis kidnappings, 1970 Che Guevara; the FLN  
Provisional IRA Ireland Seán Mac Stíofáin   bombings, assassinations Bloody Friday bombings, 1972    
Ulster Defence Association (UDA) Ireland     Johnny Adair assassinations, mass shootings Castlerock killings, 1993 & Greysteel massacre, 1993 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP),Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)  
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) Ireland   Gusty Spence   assassinations, bombings Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, 1974 & Loughinisland massacre, 1994 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)  
FALN Puerto Rico       bombings Four NYC bombs, 1975    
ASALA Turkey Hagop Tarakchian     Attack on Ankara airport, 1982    
PKK Turkey   Abdullah Ocalan     Assassinated former Prime MinisterNihat Erim, 1980 Mao; FLN  
Red Army Faction Germany Andreas Baaderand Ulrike Meinhof     German Autumn killings, 1977 Che Guevara; Mao; Vietcong  
Weathermen U.S.A.       Chicago police statue bombing, 1969 Mao; Black Panthers  
Italian Red Brigade Italy Renato Curcio     Assassinated former Prime MinisterAldo Moro, 1978    
Japanese Red Army Japan Fusako Shigenobu     Lod Airport Massacre, 1972    
Tamil Tigers Sri Lanka         Columbus bus terminal bombing, 1987    
Hezbollah Lebanon     Hassan Nasrallah   April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing,1983 Beirut barracks bombing Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini  
Egyptian Islamic Jihad Egypt     Omar Abdel-Rahman   Luxor massacre, 1997    
Hamas Gaza   Sheikh Ahmed Yassin     Passover massacre, Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing Muslim Brotherhood  
Al-Qaeda Saudi Arabia   Osama bin Laden     9/11 attacks, 2001    
East Turkestan Liberation Organization China              
Aum Shinrikyo Japan Shoko Asahara     Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, 1995    
Lashkar-e-Taiba Pakistan         Mumbai train bombings, 2006 and2008 Mumbai attacks.    
Chechnyan Separatists Russia     Shamil Basayev   Beslan school hostage crisis, 2004    
Jundallah Iran     Abdolmalek Rigi   Zahedan bombings, 2007    

 



History of English Language

 

Lecture 1

 

English is a Germanic language which belongs to the Indo-European languages. The Germanic languages in the modern world are as follows: English, German, Netherlandish (known also as Dutch and Flemish), Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Frisian, Faroese, Afrikaans (in the South African Republic) and Yiddish.

The history of the Germanic group begins with the appearance of what is known as the Proto-Germanic language (PG). PG is the linguistic ancestor or the parent language of the Germanic group. It is supposed to have split from related Indo-European languages sometimes between the 15th and 10th century B.C.

PG is an entirely pre-historical language: it was never recorded in written form. It is believed that at the earliest stages of history PG was fundamentally one language, though dialectically coloured. In its later stages dialectal differences grew, so that towards the beginning of our era Germanic appears divided into dialectical groups and tribal dialects.

The external history of the ancient Teutons around the beginning of our era is known from classical writings. The first mention of Germanic tribes was made by Pitheas, a Greek historian and geographer of the 4th century B.C., in an account of a sea voyage to the Baltic Sea. Julius Caesar described some militant Germanic tribes – the Suevians – who bordered on the Celts of Gaul in the North-East. In the 1st century A.D. Pliny the Elder, a prominent Roman scientist and writer, in NATURAL HISTORY (NATURALIS HISTORIA) made a classified list of Germanic tribes grouping them under six headings.

Toward the beginning of our era the common period of Germanic history came to an end. The Teutons has extended over a larger territory and the PG language broke into parts. PG split into three branches: East Germanic (Vindili among them were the Goths, the Vandals and the Burgundians in Pliny’s classification), North Germanic (Hilleviones) and West Germanic (which embraces Ingveones, Istaveones and Herminones in Pliny’s list). Then these branches split into separate Germanic languages: East Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic.

 


Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1229


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