History of English Language

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NAME	LOCATION	FOUNDED	CEASED ATTACKS	FOUNDER	SUBSEQUENT LEADERS	TACTICS	FAMOUS ATTACK	INFLUENCED BY	ACCUSED OF TERRORISM BY
Narodnaya Volya	Russian Empire					bombings, assassinations	Assassinated Tsar Alexander II, 1881
Hunchakian Revolutionary Party	Ottoman Empire			Avetis Nazarbekian			Destroyed Ottoman coat of arms, 1890	Narodnaya Volya
Armenian Revolutionary Federation	Ottoman Empire			Christopher Mikaelian			Held hostages at Ottoman Bank, 1896	Hunchakian Revolutionary Party
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization	Ottoman Empire			Hristo Tatarchev			Led Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, 1903	Narodnaya Volya
Irish Republican Army	Ireland			Eamonn de velara	Michael Collins		Kilmichael Ambush, 1920	Irish Republican Brotherhood;
Irgun	British Mandate Palestine			Avraham Tehomi	Menachem Begin	bombings	King David Hotel bombing, 1946	Irish Republican Army
Lehi	British Mandate Palestine			Abraham Stern	Yitzhak Shamir	assassinations	Lord Moyne assassination, 1944	Irish Republican Army
Muslim Brotherhood	Egypt			Hassan al-Banna		assassinations	Assassinated former PM Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, 1948
Front de Liberation National	Algeria						Toussaint Rouge attacks, 1954	Indochina rebels
EOKA	Cyprus			George Grivas
ETA	Spain					bombings, assassinations	Assassinated "President" Blanco, 1978
Fatah	Palestine			Yasser Arafat			Munich Olympics massacre, 1972	Algerian rebels
PLO	Palestine				Yasser Arafat	1978 Coastal Road massacre
PFLP	Palestine						Black September skyjacking, 1970	Che Guevara
PFLP-GC	Palestine						Hangglider shooting, 1970
DFLP	Palestine						Avivim school bus massacre, 1970
Front de libération du Québec	Quebec			Georges Schoeters		bombings, kidnappings, assassinations	October Crisis kidnappings, 1970	Che Guevara; the FLN
Provisional IRA	Ireland			Seán Mac Stíofáin		bombings, assassinations	Bloody Friday bombings, 1972
Ulster Defence Association (UDA)	Ireland				Johnny Adair	assassinations, mass shootings	Castlerock killings, 1993 & Greysteel massacre, 1993	Ulster Unionist Party (UUP),Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)	Ireland			Gusty Spence		assassinations, bombings	Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, 1974 & Loughinisland massacre, 1994	Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)
FALN	Puerto Rico					bombings	Four NYC bombs, 1975
ASALA	Turkey			Hagop Tarakchian			Attack on Ankara airport, 1982
PKK	Turkey			Abdullah Ocalan			Assassinated former Prime MinisterNihat Erim, 1980	Mao; FLN
Red Army Faction	Germany			Andreas Baaderand Ulrike Meinhof			German Autumn killings, 1977	Che Guevara; Mao; Vietcong
Weathermen	U.S.A.						Chicago police statue bombing, 1969	Mao; Black Panthers
Italian Red Brigade	Italy			Renato Curcio			Assassinated former Prime MinisterAldo Moro, 1978
Japanese Red Army	Japan			Fusako Shigenobu			Lod Airport Massacre, 1972
Tamil Tigers	Sri Lanka						Columbus bus terminal bombing, 1987
Hezbollah	Lebanon				Hassan Nasrallah		April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing,1983 Beirut barracks bombing	Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Egyptian Islamic Jihad	Egypt				Omar Abdel-Rahman		Luxor massacre, 1997
Hamas	Gaza			Sheikh Ahmed Yassin			Passover massacre, Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing	Muslim Brotherhood
Al-Qaeda	Saudi Arabia			Osama bin Laden			9/11 attacks, 2001
East Turkestan Liberation Organization	China
Aum Shinrikyo	Japan			Shoko Asahara			Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, 1995
Lashkar-e-Taiba	Pakistan						Mumbai train bombings, 2006 and2008 Mumbai attacks.
Chechnyan Separatists	Russia				Shamil Basayev		Beslan school hostage crisis, 2004
Jundallah	Iran				Abdolmalek Rigi		Zahedan bombings, 2007

History of English Language

Lecture 1

English is a Germanic language which belongs to the Indo-European languages. The Germanic languages in the modern world are as follows: English, German, Netherlandish (known also as Dutch and Flemish), Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Frisian, Faroese, Afrikaans (in the South African Republic) and Yiddish.

The history of the Germanic group begins with the appearance of what is known as the Proto-Germanic language (PG). PG is the linguistic ancestor or the parent language of the Germanic group. It is supposed to have split from related Indo-European languages sometimes between the 15^th and 10^th century B.C.

PG is an entirely pre-historical language: it was never recorded in written form. It is believed that at the earliest stages of history PG was fundamentally one language, though dialectically coloured. In its later stages dialectal differences grew, so that towards the beginning of our era Germanic appears divided into dialectical groups and tribal dialects.

The external history of the ancient Teutons around the beginning of our era is known from classical writings. The first mention of Germanic tribes was made by Pitheas, a Greek historian and geographer of the 4^th century B.C., in an account of a sea voyage to the Baltic Sea. Julius Caesar described some militant Germanic tribes – the Suevians – who bordered on the Celts of Gaul in the North-East. In the 1^st century A.D. Pliny the Elder, a prominent Roman scientist and writer, in NATURAL HISTORY (NATURALIS HISTORIA) made a classified list of Germanic tribes grouping them under six headings.

Toward the beginning of our era the common period of Germanic history came to an end. The Teutons has extended over a larger territory and the PG language broke into parts. PG split into three branches: East Germanic (Vindili among them were the Goths, the Vandals and the Burgundians in Pliny’s classification), North Germanic (Hilleviones) and West Germanic (which embraces Ingveones, Istaveones and Herminones in Pliny’s list). Then these branches split into separate Germanic languages: East Germanic, North Germanic and West Germanic.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1356