Classification of materials in accordance with timelines of materials and technologies.

DOMANDE DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS

Classification of materials in accordance with timelines of materials and technologies.

Until 35000 BC the materials used were mainly stones and bones; 29,000–25,000 BC – First ceramics appears; 3^rd millennium BC – copper metallurgy is invented and copper is used for ornamentation; 2^nd millennium BC – bronze is used for weapons and armour; 1^st millennium BC – pewter (Sn alloy) beginning to be used in China and Egypt; 16th century BC – The Hittites (Asia Minor) develop crude iron metallurgy; 13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined properly; 10th century BC – glass production begins in ancient Near East ;3rd century BC – Wootz steel, the first crucible steel, is invented in ancient India; 50s BC – glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia; 20s BC – Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete; 200s – steel making widely used in Han Dynasty China; 4th century – iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel; 700s – porcelain is invented in Tang Dynasty China; 8th century – The streets of Baghdad are the first to be paved with tar, derived from petroleum through destructive distillation; 700s – tin glazing of ceramics invented by Arabic chemists and potters in Basra, Iraq; 9th century – stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq; 9th century – lustreware appears in Mesopotamia; 11th century – Damascus steel developed in the Middle East; 1448 – Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy; 1450s – cristallo, a clear soda-based glass is invented; 1540 – Vannoccio Biringuccio publishes first systematic book on metallurgy; 1556 – Georg Agricola's influential book on metallurgy; 1590 – glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes; 1738 – William Champion patents a process for the production of metallic zinc by distillation from calamine and charcoal; 1740 – Benjamin Huntsman developed the crucible steel technique; 1779 – issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for use as an exterior plaster; 1799 – Alessandro Volta makes a copper/zinc acid battery; 1821 – Thomas Johann Seebeck invents the thermocouple; 1824 – Patent issued to for Portland cement; 1825 – Hans Christian Ørsted produces metallic aluminium; 1839 – Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber; 1839 – Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot invent silver-based photographic processes; 1855 – Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented; 1861 – James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates color photography; 1883 – Charles Fritts makes the first solar cells using selenium waffles. 1902 – Auguste Verneuil develops the Verneuil process for making synthetic rubies; 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity; 1912 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel; 1916 – Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals; 1924 – Corning Incorporated scientists invent Pyrex, a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion 1931 – Julius Nieuwland develops the synthetic rubber called neoprene; 1931 – Wallace Carothers develops nylon; 1938 – Roy Plunkett discovers the process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon; 1947 – First germanium point-contact transistor invented; 1947 – First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic: barium titanate used as a phonograph needle; 1951 – Individual atoms seen for the first time using the Field ion microscope; 1954 – 6% efficiency silicon solar cells made at Bell Laboratories; 1959 – Pilkington Brothers patent the float glass process; 1962 – Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) invented; 1968 – Liquid crystal display developed by RCA; 1970 – Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated; 1980 – development of duplex stainless steels which resist oxidation in chlorides.

Date: 2016-01-03; view: 909