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The economy of KazakhstanMeans of Communication Every yaer a lot of people from different countries travel all over the world. For most of them making journeys and trips is important. Many people like to travel by air as it is the fastest way of travvelling. Those who prefer travelling by plane must be at the airport two hours before depature time. They must register the tickets, weigh in and register luggage Each passanger is given a boarding-pass which is shown to the stewardess on board. Customs regulations are almost the same in all countries. Some people like to travel by train because if you do not hurry you will be able to look at passing villages,forests and fields through the windows of your compartment. Passangers have to remember the number of the carriage and the seat and arrive at the platform in advance. Nowadays a lot of people enjoy travelling by car. There they cango as also slowly or fast as they like. They can stop when and where they want, more than that they don^t have to queue up to by the tickets. Do you know what means of communications Londoners use? Londoners use the underground railway. They call it “the tube”. London’s underground is the oldest in the world. It is was opened in 1863 Londoners also use buses. The first bus route was opened in London in 1904. Today there are hundreds of routes there. London’s buses are double-deckers. Londoners do not use trams, though it was in Londonwhere the first trams appeared.. And now it is one of the biggest cities where there are no trams. The last tram left the streets of London many years ago. People living in the capital of Britain often use cars. When Londoners leave the town, they use trains, ships or airplanes. So British people make voyages more often than other nations.
London London is one of the largest cities in the column and world and the biggest city in Europe. It is known for its places of interest, such as The Tower of London, national Gallery,the British Museum, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, Nelson’s others. A lot of tourists from all over the world come to London to admire its art treasures. London is the capital of Great Britain. As it is situated on the river Thames, not far from the sea, it is an important sea port.. London is an ancient city, founded by Roans twenty centuries ago. Its population is about eight people. London consists of four parts/ the West End, the East End, the City and Westminster. The city is the financial and the business centre of the country. There are a lot of banks and offices there. Westminister is an administrative crntre of London. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government, is situated here. The building is very beautiful with its two towers and a big clock called Big Ben. Westminister Abbey is situated opposite the houses of Parliament. All British kings and queens are crowned here. Many outstanding English people were buried here, among them Kipling, Darwin, Dickens, Newton. The West End is the richest part of London with fine houses, wide streets, parks, concert halls, famous museums and theatres, fashionable shops and restaurants. Tower Bridge is over the river Thames. From here you can see the Tower of London. It was a fortress, a royal palace and later a prison. Now it is a museum where you can find a lot interesting collextions. The East End is the industrial part of London. Here you can find the Port, the docks, plants and factories. Astana Astana is the capital of the republic of Kazakhstan. It is the second largest city in the country with population over 800000. In 1999 Astana was awarded a prize of UNESCO ''City of Peace''. Astana is the nothern most capital of Asia. The city is situated in the central Kazakhstan on the banks of the Ishim River. It is located in steppe and has an extreme continental climate - the summers here a hot, while winters are very dry and cold. Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world. The city was founded in 1830 and its firstnamewasAkmolinsk, then in 1961 it was renamed Tselinograd. In 1992 the city’s name was changed to Akmola. Akmola became to the capital of Kazahstan in 1997cand in 1998 the city received its present name Astana The economy of the city is based on trade, transport and construction. It is a special economue zone. Astana is an important centre for business and trade. The most important branches of industry, mechanical engineering and production of construction materials. The city is centre for culture, sport, healthcare and education. Astana is a beautiful modern city. The author of the Master Plan of Astana is the famous Japanese architect KishoKurokawa. There are a lot of modern futuristic buildings, skyscrapes and monumaents. ‘’ Baiterek’’ memorial is the symbol of Astana,cit is also the geographical centre of all Eurasia. There are a lot of beautifulparks and fountains in Astana, the most famous of which is ‘’Tree of ife’’ fountain. In the city there are also some theatres and museums, concert halls and trading andenertainmentcentres. As Astana is the capital of the country there are government buildings and the residence of the president. Sports in Britain Sports play an important part in the life of the English people.All sports are very popular among them.The British are pround that many sports originated in their country.The national British sportsare:golf,cricet,tabletennis,lavmtennis,snooker,racing darts. Football the most popular game in the world is of two kinds in Britain:association football and rugby.Soccer played almost in all countries remains one of the most popular games in Great Britain. Gugby football originated at Rugby public school.Rugby is played by teams of 15 men with an oval ball.In this game players may carry the ball. Englishmen are fond of cricket.Cricket is played in schools,colleges,universities.Test matches with other countries are held regularly.The game is very slow. Golf,one of the popular sports in Britain originated in Scotland. Table-tennis originated in England in 1880.Wimbledon is known worldwide as the centre of lawn tennis. Englishmen like all kinds of racing.Horse-racing,motor-car racing,boat- racing,dog- racing,donkey- racing are very popular in England.The most famous boat- racing in England is between Oxford and Cambridge.It first started in 1820 and has been held almost every spring since 1836.A lot of people come to watch it. Almaty Almaty - the City of Apple-tree .Almaty is one of the most beautiful city of Kazakhstan Almaty is situated at the food of the Ala-Tau mountains. The climate is very favourable for gardening. Everybody in kazakstan knows the world famous apples "aport". The citizens of Almaty are proud of the well known skating-rink "Medeo". It is equipped with all modern sport facilities. The most important competition are held there. The city has a mild climate. Summer in Almaty lasts from May till September with the average temperature of 22 degrees in July. Winter is not very cold with the average temperature of 8 degrees below zero in January. Almaty is a sunny and green city with wide streets, numerous parks, gardens, fountains, and beautiful architecture, Hotel «Kazakhstan»Sports complex «Medeu»Kazakh State Academic Drama Theatre named after M. AuezovPark named after the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Almaty Almaty is one of the most beautiful and spacious cities of Kazakhstan. It is a former capital of the country and one of the nicest cities in whole Central Asia. It’s situated at the foot of the emerald Tien-Shan ridges and many people call it “a garden city”. Almaty is a sunny and green city with wide streets, numerous parks, gardens, fountains, and beautiful architecture Almaty is the former capital of Kazakhstan. The city was founded in 1854. Till 1921 it was named Verny. In 1929 Almaty became the capital of the Kazak Socialist Republic. Almaty was the capital of independent Kazakhstan till November 1997. Nowadays the city has seven theatres, many cinemas, hundreds of clubs, libraries and other cultural and educational centres The city has a mild climate. Summer in Almaty lasts from May till September with the average temperature of 22 degrees in July. Winter is not very cold with the average temperature of 8 degrees below zero in January. Now Almaty - is the most important public, cultural and scientific center, where the main universities in the country, the Academy of Sciences, the National Theatre, as well as hundreds of monuments and fountains. Almaty is the sports capital of Kazakhstan, it is here that in 2011 Asian Winter Games will be held. Almaty is the most beautiful city not only in Kazakhstan but also worldwide. Almaty is the city of kind and hospitable people. It is a great pleasure to visit it. Travelling by air Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air, as it is the fastest means of travelling. Here are some hints on air travel that may be helpful. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport two hours before departure time on international flights and an hour before on domestic flights as there must be enough time to complete the necessary airport formalities. Passengers must register their tickets, weigh in and register the luggage . Most airlines have at least two classes of travel ,first class and economy class, which is cheaper. Each passenger of more than two years of age has free luggage allowance. Generally this limit is 20 kg for economy class passengers and 30 kg for first class passengers. Excess luggage must be paid for except for some articles that can be carried free of charge. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane. Watch the electric sign flashes when you are on board. When the “Fasten Seat Belts” sign goes on, do it promptly , and also obey the “No Smoking” signal. Do not forget your personal effects when leaving the plane. Landing formalities and customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries. When these formalities have been completed the passenger goes to Customs for an examination of his luggage. As a rule personal belongings may be brought in duty free. If the traveler has nothing to declare he may just go through the “green” section of the Customs. In some cases the Customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection it sometimes happens that a passenger’s luggage is carefully gone through to prevent smuggling. The economy of Kazakhstan The economy of Kazakhstan is the largest economy in Central Asia. It possesses enormous oil reserves as well as minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production, as well as developed space infrastructure, which took over all launches to the International Space Station from the Space Shuttle. The mountains in the south are important for apples and walnuts; both species grow wild there. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some military items. The breakup of the USSR and the collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97 the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. The December 1996 signing of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium agreement to build a new pipeline from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz Field to the Black Sea increases prospects for substantially larger oil exports in several years. Kazakhstan's economy turned downward in 1998 with a 2.5% decline in GDP growth due to slumping oil prices and the August financial crisis in Russia. A bright spot in 1999 was the recovery of international petroleumprices, which, combined with a well-timed tenge devaluation and a bumper grain harvest, pulled the economy out of recession.
Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1205
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