Annual coal extraction: Russia and Kazakhstan

Model answer

The graph illustrates changes in the amount of coal extraction in Russia and Kazakhstan from 1988 in the coal mining industry. Russia recorded coal extraction of between 2,5 and 2,75between 1988 and 1989. Beginning in 1990 there was a huge increase in Russia coal extraction, from 2,7 to 4 million tones in 2000. Russian coal extraction peaked at 5,5 million tones in 2004. In 2006 coal extraction began to decline sharply.

Although much lower, Kazakhstan coal extraction mirror Russia coal extraction, increasing and declining at similar rate. Like Russia, Kazakhstan also experienced a drop in coal extraction from 2005 onwards. Since 2011 the amount of coal extraction has fluctuated around 4 million tones in Russia and 0,6 million tones in Kazakhstan.

To conclude, although Russia coal extraction have been in severe decline since the late 1996s, Russian still extract 1,5 times as much fish as they did in the mid 1990s. in contrast, Kazakhstani have cut their coal extraction to almost half over the same period.

Using the picture describe the method of working bedded deposits underground

The method of working includes a definite sequence and organization of development work of a deposit, its openings and its face work in certain geological conditions. There are two main types of mining method. They are continuous mining and room-and-pillar. Methods of working with short faces (room-amd-pillar) are shown on this picture. The shortwall method permits 50 -80 per cent recovery of mineral instead. The basic principle of room-and-pillar method is that rooms from 4 to 12 metres wide (usually 6-7) are driven from the entries, each room is separated from each other by a rib pillar. Rib pillars are recovered or robbed after the rooms are excavated. The main disadvantages of shortwall work is a considerable loos of mineral and the difficulty of ventilation.

Using the picture describe the method of working bedded deposits underground

The characteristic feature of the continuous mining is the absence of any development openings made in advance of production faces. The main advantage of long continuous faces is that they yield more mineral. Besides, they allow the maximum use of combines, cutting machines, powered supports and conveyers. The longwall method permits an almost 100 per cent recovery of mineral instead of 50 to 80 per cent obtainable in room-and-pillar methods. The main trend in mine transport is towards high-capacity automatic conveyer system. In underground workings transport of men and materials is by high-capacity electric locomotives

Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1392