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The Soviet dissidents.
(From: Britannica Student Encyclopedia 2004 Children's Edition. 1994-2003) Exercises: 1. Explain the underlined grammar phenomena. 2. Translate the words in bold. 3. Define the notions of individual and social rights, samizdat and slave labor camps 4. Do you agree with the statements in bold? 5. Give the summary of the text. 6. Ask problem questions to the students. Read thetextbelow, translate it and learn the new words:
Text 3 Women rights
Gender Wage Gap. Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in 1970 were paid about 45 percent less than men for the same jobs. But, since 1979, wages for female workers had been steadily increasing, and by 1993, the average pay of women was about 77 percent of the average pay of men in the workforce. However, the gap between the respective wages of men and women widened by two percent during the four-year period from 1993 to 1997. Many economists saw the increase as a by-product of welfare reform that has pushed a large number of unskilled laborers into the workforce. Some economists argued that the increase in demand for jobs would drive wages among unskilled workers down by as much as 12 percent, and the wage decrease would be felt the hardest among women workers, who made up the majority of the unskilled working pool. Working women often faced discrimination on the mistaken belief that, because they were married or would most likely get married, they would not be permanent workers. But married women generally continued on their jobs for many years and were not a transient, temporary, or undependable work force. From 1960 to the early 1970s the influxof married women workers accounted for almost half of the increase in the total labor force, and working wives were staying on their jobs longer before starting families. The number of elderly working also increased markedly. (From: Britannica Student Encyclopedia 2004 Children's Edition. 1994-2003 ) Exercises: 1. Translate the words in bold. 2. Explain the underlined grammar phenomena. 3. Render the text. 4. Define the notions: wifehood, motherhood, maternity, gender wage gap 5. Do you agree with the italicized statements? 6. Ask problem questions. Read thetextbelow, translate it and learn the new words:
Text 4 Minority groups The terms minority and majority would seem to be mostly about numbers. A minority can be defined as less than half the population in a society. Therefore African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans can all be considered minorities in the United States. Realistically, however, minority cannot always be defined by numbers. Being in a minority often can have much more to do with one's standing in society. The black people of South Africa make up the overwhelming majority of the population. The most common conception of a minority is of a group of people who are distinct in ethnic background, religion, language, or nationality. Such minorities are often visible in contrast to the rest of society. Asian Americans, for example, are perceived as a distinct group in contrast to the mass of white Americans. In India the Sikhs are visible in relation to the Hindu majority by dress, general appearance, and religious practice. Every nation with a sizable population has minority groups within it. Whereas racial and ethnic characteristics most frequently serve to set minorities apart, there are other kinds of minorities as well, including religious, sexual, economic, and political. In Egypt the Coptic Christians are a minority. They are distinguished by their generally low economic and social status in an overwhelmingly Muslim nation. In many nations openly homosexual people are in the minority and are shunned. Throughout history all societies have had economic minorities. Political minorities are often called factions or interest groups. Any group that organizes to achieve political aims may be considered a minority. Sometimes a minority may gain control of a government and establish itself as the majority by subordinating the rest of society. This happened in 1917 in Russia. A faction of the Communist party, the Bolsheviks, seized control of the revolution and established the Soviet Union. In many countries such minorities seek only limited political and economic aims, not control of the government. To achieve their aims they vote for representation in government, and they form organizations to put pressure on elected officials. (From: Britannica Student Encyclopedia 2004 Children's Edition. Copyright © 1994-2003 Exercises:
2. Project\Writing:
Current events. Using informational internet sites find and render the information about current political events. 6. Vocabulary: to endow, unalienable, to pursuit, by virtue of, to regard, abundant, to relate, to infer with, scattered passages, evidence, prohibition, Ten Commandments, murder, theft, to give implicit recognition, to elaborate, passionate discourses, prophets, validity, to fail, to imply, the supremacy of, valid instances, the Renaissance, resistance to, to surface, the Enlightenment, to interfere with, turnaround, to dispense, to assert, to institute, outspoken, to denounce, to derive from, disciple, jurist, to exalt, abuse, appalling, extermination, concentration camps, to horrify, widespread fundamental assumptions, for the sake of, umbrella term, related obligations, eternal vigilance, to guard, to lessen, to come into prominence. to spell out, amendments, to shield, encroachment, safeguarding, challenges, dissenters, comprising, to tolerate, dissidents, ruthlessly persecuted, to reached its pinnacle, self-published literature, to crack down, to transmit, controversial, political prisoner, to depict, inmate slave labor camps, to ban, recipient of the Nobel prize, to expel, memoir, to permeate, to echo, to play a crucial role, proliferation, to sentence, internal exile, to release. to increase opportunities, to accomplish, squeamish, to relegate, domestic chores, sustained tolerance, resistant to, maternity, abortion, to prevent from, to pursue career, scholastic, to estimate, resident, to obtain, to earn, transient, influx, to account for, markedly, to shun, overwhelming. Unit 7 Ecology Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1084
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