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Expressing similarity

... share similar...; ... in both ... 8 1 differ in; On the other hand / Conversely

2 while the opposite is true

3 In both

4 A major difference between: On the other hand /
Conversely

10 1 The translator can translate a term incorrectly. This is

often due to interference from another language (i.e. the translator wrongly thinks that a similar sounding word from his or her own language means the same). It could also be because there is no equivalent concept in the language of the jurisdiction into which the text is being translated. In the latter case, the translator might choose a wrong word, leave out the unknown term or fail to provide an adequate paraphrase.

2 These problems can best be avoided if the translator has a good knowledge of both legal systems of the source language and the target language, or if the translator works together with someone who knows the legal system with which the translator is not familiar, or if the translator is fully aware of the problems that can occur and researches the unfamiliar terms very carefully.

3 A practising lawyer should be aware of these problems when making use of texts which have been or need to be translated so that he/she can make sure the quality of the translated text is good before relying on it. This is especially true when dealing with clients, documents and/or laws from another jurisdiction.

 

11 They need to be aware of the differences between different legal systems, which involves having a high level of familiarity with the legal systems of the countries 'originating and receiving the translated message'.

12 False friends are words that appear to be the same as other words in the target language, but which actually have a different meaning.

13 1 The first category includes concepts that have a nearly

identical equivalent in the target language.

2 The translator should research carefully and avoid

misleading the reader or distorting the message when choosing terms.

3 The problem posed by the third category is when there
are legal concepts with no near or rough equivalent in
the target legal system. They should be explained to the
degree necessary to the particular context.

17 1 Equitable remedies are the remedies developed by the oldcourts of equity, such as the Court of Chancery in England. These remedies are still available today in common-law jurisdictions and include injunction, specific performance, rescission and estoppel.

2 The doctrine of promissory estoppel prevents one party from withdrawing a promise made to a second party if the latter has reasonably relied on that promise and acted upon it to his detriment.

3 Some jurisdictions have different general categories of crime depending on their seriousness. In US jurisdictions, a misdemeanour is a lesser crime punishable by a fine and/or county jail time for up to one year. Misdemeanours are distinguished from felonies, which are more serious crimes and can be punished by a state prison term.



4 The thing of value that induces another to enter into a contract, including money payment, services offered in return and promises, is referred to as consideration. In common-law systems, consideration must be found in order for a contract to be legally binding. Consideration

Answer key


must not be from the past, which means that a contract cannot be based upon consideration that was given before the contract was made. For example, if A promises to reward B for an act that B has already performed, the performance of that act is past consideration and therefore not good consideration.

19 20

5 The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (or Lord Chancellor) is responsible for the efficient functioning and independence of the courts.

c

1 Michael asks Gareth what the term means.

2 Because she took her first degree in the UK. She also wrote her dissertation on the topic of equity.

3 Equity developed as a way of dealing with the inflexibility of the English legal system.

4 F (It removed the Lord Chancellor's judicial roles.)

5 F (The examples of equitable remedies giver in the text are injunction and specific performance.)

3T

4 F (The Court of Chancery was abolished by the
Judicature Acts 1873-1875.)

1 F (It is similar to the English concept of good faith.)

2 T (It has the effect of softening the harshness of the law in the same way as equity does in England.)

Is that the equivalent ofTreu und Glauben? From what Beaie said, it's basically the same as your concept ofgood faith. It has a similar effect toequity in certain cases.

I think that equity corresponds to certain concepts inthe French Code civil, but these haven't had quite the same amount of influence thatthe concept of good faith has had in Germany. Still, they're comparable toeach other. What they do have is something similar calledthe doctrine of the abuse of rights. That has the effect of softening the harshness of the law in thesame wayas equity does in England.

26 27 28

1 A tax haven is a country or independent regon where certain taxes are levied at a low rate or not at all.

2 There are many tax havens throughout the world, including Andorra, the Bahamas, Jersey, Monaco and Panama.

3 Tax avoidance refers to legal measures that can be taken to minimise a person or business entity's tax burden. Tax evasion refers to unlawful measures to achieve the same ends as tax avoidance.

4 Asset protection refers to methods by which individuals or entities protect their assets from legal problems (e.g. judgments) and/or taxes through the use of multiple business entities, trusts, insurance, and estate planning.

a

1 Stiftung 2 Anstalt 3 beneficiaries 4 contempt

Examples in italics are not included in the text.

 

Function Examples
Giving extra information Besides, Furthermore, In addition, On top of this, Similarly, Moreover, What's more
Comparing, contrasting and qualifying Although, While, Instead, That said. Despite this, However. On the other hand, In contrast. Alternatively
Introducing the result of previous information Consequently, Because of this, ,4s a result, Therefore, As a consequence. It follows from this, For this reason, So, Thus. Accordingly
Emphasising Notably, The fact that, In fact, In particular, Of course, Clearly. Ultimately. Indeed

30 Dear Ms Radford


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1438


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