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King John Lackland. The Magna Carta.

È 9. 1(The introduction to the history of the UK of the GB). 9(Celtic and pre-Celtic people)

The term pre-Celtic people refers to the period in the prehistory of Central and Western Europe postdating the emergence of Proto-Celtic and predating the expansion of the Celts in the course of the earlier Irion Age (9th to 6th centuries BC). Celtic people lived in a territory of France, Belgium, Spain and the British Isles. They moved to the British Isles. Their clothes were made of wood with silk parts on it for rich people. Celts had their own calendar that was divided into 3 parts, each one for 4 months.

Celts were tall, fair and well-built. Their skills were hunting and fishing.

Druids – they were the same celts, but they knew chemistry. They were the users of mystery knowledges. They were rather good teachers and doctors. They knew the mysteries of plants.

 

The official name of the country, its territory, status, population, capital, The English Flag

Official name:The United Kingdom of Great Britain.Territory: about 244 000 êâ.êì. One of the smallest countries. It is separated from the continent by English Channel and the strait of drover. Population: about 61 million people. Official language:English (welsh, Scottish, cornish). Capital: London.Government: Parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. Monarch – Elizabeth II. Prime Minister– Gordon Brown. Parliament consist of House of Lords and House of Commons. Currency – Pound sterling. Flag – Union Flag «Union Jack» consist of Red Cross of St. George, white cross of St.Andrew, red diagonal cross – cross of St. Patrick.

 

Geographical position, landscape, climate and weather

Geographical position: the British isles are situated on the north-west coast of Europe and once formed part of that continent. It lies between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, separated by France by the English channel. Comprising of the Island of GB, the island of North-Ireland and smaller islands. Consist of 4 parts: Eng, Scotl, Wales, North-Ireland.

Climate: mild, warmed by Gulf stream, plentiful rainfall all year round. The driest period – March, June.

The wettest – October, January.

3 futures – mild, humid, changeable.

Never too hot or too cold.

Most of the country consist of lowland terrain, with mountainous terrain. Main rivers – Thames, Severn, Humber.

There are many forests.

 

London

The capital of the UK. First called Londinium. Area – 1580 êâ. êì.

Population – 7,6 million people.London is the financial centre of the UK.

Consist of 4 parts: East End (port, factories), City (financial), West End, West Minster Abbey.

London Heathrow Airport - metropolitan area.

Climate - mild.

Local government - greater London authority consist of 2 parts - mayor of London and London Assembly

 

5.England

Location: the central and the southern part of the island of Great Britain



Population: 51 million

Capital: London

Climate:temperate maritime.

Symbolsred rose, oak of St. George

Main citiesManchester, Newcastle, London

Industry: agriculture, fishing, wool industry, shipbuilding, heavy machinery

Flora and Fauna:

Vegetation of grasses and flowering plants, oak, elm, there are few reptiles and amphibians, foxes, hares, rabbits, weasels.

Government: Constitutional monarchy

 

Wales

Location: bordered by England to East, and the Atlantic Ocean, Irish sea

Population: 3 million

Capital: Cardiff

Largest city: Cardiff (320 000 people)

Climate:moderate and oceanic

Symbols: daffodil, leek. Saint Patron – St. David. St. David’s day – is a national holiday.

Industry:coal mining, steel production, engineering

Government: constitutional monarchy

Official lang.: English and Welsh.

 

7. Northern Ireland:

Location: north-east of the island of Ireland

Population: 1,8 million

Capital : Belfast

Industry: heavy industries, shipbuilding, textiles, agriculture, high tech technologies

Largest cities: Londonderry, Lisburn, Armagh

Climate: mild, temperate

Symbols: Harp, Shamrock, white ribbon

Flora and Fauna: flowering plants, oak, elm, hares, hedgehogs, rabbits, weasels, kittiwakes, shags

Government: constitutional monarchy

Area: 84 000 êâ.êì.

Official language – Irish, English

 

Scotland

Location: the northern third of the island of Great Britain

Population: over 5 million people

Capital : Edinburgh

Industry: Fishing industry, the textile industry, oil recovery, shipbuilding, light industry ,the heavy industry

Largest city: Glasgow

Climate: mild, temperate

Symbols: thistle, unicorn, bagpipe

Flora and fauna

Fauna: Lynx, Brown Bear, Wolf, Elk and Walrus. There are important populations of seals and a variety of seabirds such as Gannets. The Golden Eagle (national icon).

The flora: woodland, moorland and tundra species.

Area: about 80 000 êâ.êì.

Flag: St. Andrew’s cross

 

The Anglo-Saxon

The Anglo-Saxon period lasted from 410 to 1066, and in that time Britain's political landscape had many changes.

The early settlers kept to small tribal groups, forming kingdoms and sub-kingdoms. By the 9th century, the country was divided into four kingdoms - Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia and Wessex.

The Anglo-Saxon settlers were their own masters in a new land and they did little to keep the legacy of the Romans alive. They replaced the Roman stone buildings with their own wooden ones, and spoke their own language, which gave rise to the English spoken today. The Anglo-Saxons also brought their own religious beliefs, but the arrival of Saint Augustine in 597 converted most of the country to Christianity.

Anglo-Saxon rule came to an end in 1066, soon after the death of Edward the Confessor, who had no heir. He is thought to want William of Normandy become the king, but also Harold Godwinson.

Harold was crowned king immediately after Edward died, but William and an invading army crossed the Channel from France to claim the crown for himself. Harold was defeated by the Normans at the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, and thus a new era began.

 

11. Invasions of the Vikings.

A Vikings is one of the North explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late 8th to early 11th centuries. Vikings used their longships travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga river in Russia and as far west as Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.

This period of Vikings expansion is known as the Viking age, and forms a major part of the medieval history of Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe in general.

 

12. Alfred the Great (849 – 899) ruled from 871.

Was one of the best kings ever to rule mankind. He defended Anglo-Saxon England from Viking raids. In 871 AD, Alfred defeated the Danes at the Battle of Ashdown. He established a code of laws and a reformed coinage. He reorganised his army and built a series of well-defended settlements across southern England. He is the only English monarch known as 'the Great'.

 

13.Edward the Confessor (1009-1066). Was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066. His reign continued the disintegration of royal power in England and advanced in power of earls. It foreshadowed the country’s domination by the Normans, whose Duke William of Normandy was to defeat Edward’s successor Harold II and take the crown.

The battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was the Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. It was fought between the Norman army of Duke William of Normandy and English army led by Harold II.

 

14. The Norman Conquest. William I the Duke of Normandy (1028 - 1087)

The Norman Conquest in England began in 1066 with invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William (Duke of Normandy) and his victory at the battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England, which was firmly established during the next few years.

In 1086, William accepted the document that known as the Domesday Book and remains one of the oldest valid legal documents in Britain.

He spent the last months of his reign fighting Philip I, King of France. He died on 9 September 1087 from injuries received when he fell from his horse at the Siege of Mantes.

 

King John Lackland. The Magna Carta.

John Lackland (1166-1216) was king of England from 1199 until his death.

During his lifetime John had 2 nicknames. One of them was «Lackland» because, as his father’s youngest son, he didn’t inherit lands out of his family’s possessions, and because as king he lost significal territory to France.

The other was «Softsword» because he had lack of prowess in battles.

He is best known for giving nobility to the barons of England. He sealed Magna Carta, a document which Limited the power of the crown and extended the power of the barons and which is popularly thought as an early step in the evolution of limited government.


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1757


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