Present Participle Past Participle

Lisa is swimming now. Lisa has swum a lot today.

Notes:

1. Present Participle is formed by adding the suffix –ing to the stem of the verb and the following spelling rules are observed:

· The final letter ‘y’ never changes when the ending ‘ing’ is added,

e.g. to play + ing = playing; to study + ing = studying

· The final consonant is doubled if it is preceded by a short stressed vowel,

e.g. sit – sitting, to put – putting, to begin - beginning

· The final letter ‘e’ is omitted before the ending ‘ing’,

e.g. to take + ing = taking; to lose + ing = losing

· Exceptions: to lie +ing = lying; to tie + ing = tying; to die + ing = dying

a) regular verbs –ed to the stem of the verb and observe the following spelling rules:

· the final letter ‘y’changes into‘i’if it is preceded by a consonant,and remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel,

e.g. to carry – carried; to study – studied; to reply – replied

to enjoy- enjoyed; employ - employed

· a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel is doubled,

e.g. to stop – stopped; to plan – planned; to omit – omitted

· the final letter ‘r’ is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel,

e.g. to stir – stirred; to occur – occurred; to prefer – preferred

· in British English the final letter ‘l’ is always doubled,

e.g. to travel – travelled; to label - labelled

b) irregular verbs have different ways of formation and must be learnt by heart. See Appendix.

Morphological StructurE of the Verb

Verb

Simple Derivative Compound Composite = Phrasal verb

(one stem) (verb + affixes)(two stems)(verb + post position)

Semantic Classification of the Verb

Semantically the verb can be classified from different points of view. All the verbs can fall into several groups:

Group 1: Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Verb

Dynamic Stative

e.g. to run, to walk, to dress (also called “state” or “statal”)

e.g. to be, to see, to know

Most stativeverbs describe a state rather than an action and therefore do not normally have continuous tenses.

e.g. Do you know our new neighbours’ name?

Listen! Do you hear anything strange?

Stative verbs include:

1. verbs which express likes and dislikes, wishes and emotions

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 955