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The style of official documents

In standard literary English this is the style of official documents. It is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or variants: 1. the language of business documents; 2. the language of legal documents; 3. that of diplomacy; 4. that of military documents.

The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. The most general function of the style of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most noticeable of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style.

The over-all code of the official style falls into a system of subcodes, each characterized by its own terminological nomenclature, its own compositional form, its own variety of syntactical arrangements. But the integrating features of all these subcodes emanating from the general aim of agreement between parties, remain the following: 1. conventionality of expression; 2. absence of any emotiveness; 3. the encoded character of language; symbols and 4. a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.

First of all poetic words belong to a definite style of language and perform in it their direct function. If encountered in another style of speech, they assume a new function, mainly satirical, for the two notions, poetry and prose, have been opposed to each other from time immemorial.

Poetic language has special means of communication, i.e. rhythmical arrangement, some syntactical peculiarities and certain number of special words. The specific poetic vocabulary has a marked tendency to detach itself from the common literary word stock and assume a special significance. Poetic words claim to be, as it were, of higher rank.

Poetic words and ser expressions make the utterance understandable only to a limited number of readers. It is mainly due to poeticisms that poetical language is sometimes called poetical jargon.

 

b) MonologueComment on the following:“Some young people refuse to observe the old rituals and have a wedding party considering it a terrible nuisance and a waste of money. What is your idea of celebrating a wedding? Should the old customs and traditions be observed or should it be held in an absolutely new manner?”

Wedding What is the “perfect wedding”? There are countless wedding planning kits out there complete with a checklist to help guide couples through the process. Though useful as a general guideline, checklists can hinder the imagination and they typically do not account for different cultural/religious traditions that might be important to the couple. Many brides and grooms would love to marry in the tradition of their ancestors or at least introduce elements of a traditional wedding ceremony or reception from their cultural backgrounds. Incorporating cultural wedding traditions and customs to a wedding is not only a fantastic way to share something personal with the guests but a nice tribute to the families. A simple way to infuse a little culture is by using traditional wedding decorations, wedding supplies and other visual elements. A little more difficult is serving a traditional meal, because in many cases the menu is limited by the venue. If having a customized menu is not possible, try serving signature drinks like sake for a Japanese reception or chai instead of coffee for an Indian wedding. Music and entertainment are easy areas to help set the mood. Needless to say, the stars of the wedding are the bride and groom. Isn't it only natural to showcase their lives, and spotlight their love? The most memorable weddings will touch the hearts of those in attendance and make even the most distant relative and that friend of a friend of a friend feel as if they've known you all their lives. The wedding doesn't have to be small and exclusive to be intimate and personal. Even the smallest attention to detail and thinking outside the box can turn a typical wedding into a unique experience that leaves an impression. The following cultural wedding traditions are examples of some of the ways couples all over the world join in matrimony. Let them be a starting point for you to think about how you can make your wedding truly unforgettable. Modern Weddings versus Traditional Weddings What is more apt? Getting married in a traditional, religious manner or go for a non-denominational wedding ceremony? A wedding is a one-shot occasion, wherein couples tie the knot and do not mind making their special day a memorable one. In the early days, weddings were normally performed the religious way with the minister, pastor, priest or any religious head leading over the service, where couples exchange vows by the book and rings in the church. Though this is still royally being practiced, some will still go for a non-religious wedding ceremony, which can be modified according to their wish. The only difference between the tradition and modern wedding ceremony is that the priest or the religious head is absent. The rest of the ceremonies are the same and the best thing about the non-religious version is that you can personalize your own wedding, with no restrictions and limitations. Differences, reasons and things to consider: With religious ceremonies, there are procedures to be followed and you have to stick within the bounds of cultural traditions, while non-religious ceremonies let you plan your own wedding with no restrictions and limitations and can be done within your own time frame – where the marriage will take place, type of music, the attire, the exchange of vows, the solicitation of gifts and basically you can have it your own way. With religious ceremonies, the wedding should always take place in a church, but with non-religious, the location of the wedding will naturally be outside the church – can be on a beach, a cliff, under a bridge or anywhere. A religious head should always preside over the wedding ceremony in traditional weddings, while modern ceremony can be held by a justice of peace, a county clerk, or anyone who is licensed to conduct the ceremony. A close family member or a friend can also perform official duties for the ceremony. Non-religious weddings let you set your own rules while religious weddings require you to follow traditional edicts. In traditional weddings, religion is the heart of the wedding, while in modern weddings, it’s acceptable to not include any religious events, whether this is because they don’t prescribe to any particular religion; they have conflicting religious beliefs; or their families do not approve of a marriage against their value. In a traditional wedding scenario, vows and readings are by the book/Bible. Instead of taking excerpts from the Bible, readings and vows in a non-religious wedding can be taken from any book. They can include poems, letters, lyrics of a certain song, or even include the best memories of each other and feelings from beginning to present. Also, they are able to say it individually, alternately or together. Also, with non-religious weddings, couples are able to make it unique – one that stands out from the rest. They are able to play their own music and give their wedding a touch of who they really are. Say what they want to say for each other with no limits and let their guests say something about them as well. Couples are able to make it as memorable as possible. While with religious weddings, you have to stick to the procedure that most people had to go through in the early days. Couples get to save more in modern weddings than in traditional weddings. Basically, it may all depend with the upbringing, values, beliefs, etc. And frankly, money should be considered. All in all, whatever kind of wedding couples go through or whatever kind of vows they exchange in the ceremony, it does not lessen their commitment in any way. Besides, the whole point is that their marriage is legal and that they’re together.



3.a)Practical hints for teachers on classroom discipline

  1. Start by being firm with students: you can relax later.
  2. Get silence before you start speaking to the class.
  3. Know and use students’ names.
  4. Prepare lessons thoroughly and structure them firmly.
  5. Be mobile: walk around the class.
  6. Start the lesson with a ‘bang’ and sustain interest and curiosity.
  7. Speakclearly.
  8. Make sure your instructions are clear.
  9. Have extra material prepared (e.g. to cope with slower/faster working students).
  10. Look at the class when speaking, and learn how to ‘scan’.
  11. Make work appropriate (to pupils’ age, ability, cultural background).
  12. Develop an effective questioning technique.
  13. Develop the art of timing your lesson to fit the available period.
  14. Varyyourteachingtechniques.
  15. Anticipate discipline problems and act quickly.
  16. Avoidconfrontations.
  17. Clarify fixed rules and standards, and be consistent in applying them.
  18. Show yourself as supporter and helper to the students.
  19. Don’t patronize students, treat them with respect.
  20. Usehumourconstructively.
  21. Choose topics and tasks that will activate students.
  22. Be warm and friendly to the students.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1370


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