CATEGORIES:
BiologyChemistryConstructionCultureEcologyEconomyElectronicsFinanceGeographyHistoryInformaticsLawMathematicsMechanicsMedicineOtherPedagogyPhilosophyPhysicsPolicyPsychologySociologySportTourism
The political dimension of regionalizationRegionalization
A) What is regionalization?
Regionalization manifests itself in collaboration[working together] with neighbouring and geographically nearest states. Regionalization has several dimensions: economic, cultural, and political.
Economic regionalization consists in regionally based economic cooperation as a means of both facilitating [making it easier] international trade and providing protection against intensifying global competition. The main regional economic blocs: the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the European Union (the EU), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Mercosur agreement, the Free Trade Area of the Americas (the FTAA). Spelling Tip Write the word bloc with the letter c at the end to denote a group of people, parties, and countries. If the word is spelt with the letters ck at the end, it means a quantity of things considered as a single whole, e.g. a block of flats.
C) Some phrases used with economic bloc to describe its organization
• A regional bloc is formed/created/founded/established. • A regional bloc includes or incorporates some countries, it links some countries with others. • A regional bloc expands [becomes greater in size]. • A country joins a regional bloc.
Examples:
The countries joining a bloc can become permanent members, provisional members [for a certain limited period of time only] or associated members [with limited rights] of the bloc.
The political dimension of regionalization
It is sometimes suggested that European integration provides a model of political organization that will eventually be accepted worldwide. The European Union is a political body that has both intergovernmental and supranational features. Intergovernmentalism is any form of interaction between states that takes place on the basis of sovereign independence. Supranationalism is the existence of an authority that is “higher” than that of the nation-state and capable of imposing its will on it. (A. Heywood, 2000, pp. 246, 259
The EU contains the following bodies: the European Commission, the Council of Ministers, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the European Court of Justice.
European integration: for and against The arguments in favour of European integration include the following:
• In fostering consmopolitanism it encourages European peoples to escape from narrow nationalism. • The establishment of a continent-wide market underpins prosperity and growth and gives Europe security within the global economy. • “Pooling” sovereignty is the only way in which European states can exercise major and independent influence on the world stage. • Political union and economic union go hand in hand, in that a single market has to be regulated by a common set of rules and decisions. • European citizenship offers individuals a wider and, sometimes, stronger set of rights, freedoms and opportunities. The arguments against European integration include the following: • Historically embedded national identities are being weakened, sometimes provoking hostility and a nationalist backlash. • National, language and cultural differences make it impossible for EU bodies to • The democratic deficit can never be overcome because of the distance between EU institutions and European populations. • Integration has been driven largely by political elites and corporate interests, which have attempted to manipulate European populations into supporting the New Europe. FILL IN:
Wilson: Yes, she is ______ the ______ ______. House: So, let’s ______ she’s not ______ him. Foreman: There’s ______ more to ______. We’ve got ______ and ______ failure, neurological ______, and now cardiac ______. A systemic ______ with multi-organ ______ is the ______ of lupus. Cameron: Auto-immunosuppressant aren’t ______. Chase: We should ______ him on cyclophosphamide, see if it ______ a ______. House: Yeah, and interferon. Foreman: Interferon isn’t an ______ ______ for lupus. Cameron: You’re not still ______ – Chase: Interferon isn’t an ______ treatment for ______ metal toxicity, ______. House: True. But it’s pretty ______ the only thing we can do for a viral ______. We didn’t ______ it because it doesn’t – Foreman: Because it doesn’t make ______! There’s no ______! House: Because he’s got no ______ system, ______ to the immunosuppressant you ______ him for lupus treatment. Cameron: He didn’t ______ with a fever, ______. House: Because at that ______ he was a post-viral autoimmune ______, which again, thanks to the immunosuppressant you ______ for lupus ______, his immune system ______ rolled out the ______ ______ for the ______ virus, ______ it up, ______ it into a ______ viral infection. ______ him interferon. Foreman: But if it is ______, interferon could make it ______. Suppress his bone ______ even ______. House: Which is more ______, a ______ progressing, acute onset lupus in a ______ who’s already on steroids or a ______ of doctors ______ a post-viral ______? Foreman: We didn’t miss ______. House: Well, then, I’m ______, and she shouldn’t. Give him interferon! Foreman: Intravenous interferon has been ______ to be ______ against some ______ infections. Maria: But I ______ you said it wasn’t an ______. You ______ it was lupus! Foreman: The ______ rapid ______ of the ______ has ______ us to ______. Maria: And what if you’re ______ here, too? What if it’s not a virus? Foreman: There are ______ with interferon, ______ in a patient who’s ______ immunosuppressed. Look, at this ______ your lungs, ______ and ______ are all ______. We really don’t ______ any ______. Bob: I ______. Maria: What? Bob: 9th grade. Earth ______. Mr. Foley. I sat ______ you so I could ______ off of you. Maria: And I let you ______ so you’d sit ______ me. Bob: I ______ we were gonna ______ old ______. Maria: In 9th ______? Bob: No, 10th. Maria: What, you had to ______ sure I ______ out first? Bob: No, I ______ you ______ out in the 7th ______. I ______ you. Maria: Yeah, I ______. Bob: Say you ______ me. Maria: No. Bob: Why ______? Maria: Because you’re not ______. Bob: Say it anyway. You ______ make me ______ you? Maria: I love you. Foreman: It’s not ______. Both his ______ and his ______ are ______ to ______. House: ______ the ______. Foreman: We ______ have. House: ______ not ______. Foreman: I don’t ______ it’s a ______. We’ve been ______ titers for ______ we could ______ of, they’re all negative. House: ______ the interferon. Foreman: House – House: You got a ______ idea, ______ than lupus? Foreman: No. House: Then ______ the ______. TEXT TO READ AGREEMENTS The term «agreement», like the term «treaty» itself, is used in a number of senses. In a generic sense, it covers any meeting of minds — in this case the minds of two or more international persons. A distinction must always be drawn between agreements intended to have an obligatory character (i. e. the assumption of legal rights and duties) and agreements not intended to have such a character. In a restricted sense, the term «agreement» means an agreement intended to have an obligatory character but usually of a less formal nature than a treaty. Like treaties, agreements in this restricted sense may be concluded between Heads of State, between States or between Governments. No doubt because of its general and relatively innocuous meaning, «agreement» is the term invariably used to describe understandings intended to have an obligatory character concluded (b) between the specialized agencies themselves A term substantially equivalent to «agreement» is «arrangement». The view that an «agreement» implies an undertaking somewhat more definite than an «arrangement» is not believed to be correct. Sometimes agreements are concluded between a Government Department in one country and a Government Department in another. It depends on the circumstances whether such «interdepartmental agreements» are binding under international law or whether they are merely private law contracts. Agreements are frequently concluded by exchange of notes, sometimes referred to as «letters». In such cases, the representative of one government sends the representative of another government a note setting forth the arrangements proposed or to be agreed upon. The reply agrees to and frequently repeats the terms of the first note. A temporary or working arrangement made in order to bridge over some difficulty pending a permanent settlement is usually referred to as modus vivendi. This type of a temporary arrangement is made in a most informal way and does not require ratification. Commercial agreements of a temporary nature have often been entered into in the form of a modus vivendi by the United States as well as Great Britain. Most agreements of a binding nature follow the same compositional design, with some variation, as treaties and other international compacts. Generally speaking, diplomats divide international agreements into three parts. First, the preamble, which states the overall purpose of the act . The second part embodies the substantive commitments undertaken by the parties and comprises most of the «text». The third part is the «final forms», more or less stereotyped, equivalent to the precautions that governments have been traditionally called to take to guarantee juridical regularity of the negotiation and the qualification of the plenipotentiaries, and the specifications of how the agreement shall be brought into force, how it may be terminated and, sometimes, how it may be amended. This is what is called the «protocolary» or «formal provisions» Date: 2015-12-24; view: 911
|