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Read, translate, analyse the following examples paying attention to Detachment and its stylistic function

 

1. He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident." (I. Shaw)

2. I have to beg you for money. Daily. (S.Lewis)

3. She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. (A.Sillitow)

4. She was crazy about you. In the beginning. (R.W.)

5. They were a bloody miserable lot – the miserable lot of mtn. But they were good to me. Bloody good. (J.Steinbeck)

6. Each of them carried a notebook, in which whenever the great man spoke, he desperately scribbled. Straight from the horse’s mouth. (A. Huxley)

7. And Fleur – charming in her jade-green wrapper – tucked a corner of her lip behind a tooth, and went back to her room to finish dressing. (J.Galsworthy)

8. Very small and child - like, he never looked more than fourteen. (M.Twain)

9. Talent, Mr.Micawber has, capital, Mr.Micawber has not. (Ch.Dickens)

10. How do you like the Army? – Mrs.Silsburn asked abruptly, conversationally. (A.Sillitow)

 

PARALLELISM. (REPETITION. PARALLEL STRUCTURE)

 

Parallel structure is repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. The term repetition is sometimes connected with repeated morphemes and words, parallel structures involve the whole sentence or a phrase. Complete parallelism presents identical structures of two or more clauses or sentences:

The seeds ye sow — another reaps,

The robes ye weave—another wears,

The arms ye forge — another bears."(P. B. Shelley)

Partial parallelism is the one when repeated sentence patterns are not identical:

It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses - that man your navy and recruit your army, - that have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair. (Byron)

Parallel structure helps to organize ideas, making a text or a speech easier to understand.

The repeated items may be morphemes, words, phrases, sentences. Morphological repetition very often creates humorous effect. The main stylistic goal and function of parallelism is to create a relevant rhythm of the text - monotonous, boring, dynamic, businesslike, terse, and tense - suitable and respective to the idea of the text. For example:

Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. (W.Shakespeare).

In this quotation words are repeated – Friends, Romans, Countrymen and they’re united by the same message as the orator means everyone present, addressing people by the names which can unite them, make them aware of their entity and importance, intensifying this by the growing level of importance of the lexical meaning.

In parallel structure, it is important to group similar ideas and items together and they must be of the same grammatical form to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.

In the following famous example the parallel structure is involved. Intensified by intonation it always produces an inerasable impression of well thought message, much suffered and sincere. The parallel structure in the initial (anaphoric) position lays special emphasis on the repeated sentence giving more dramatic nature to the essence of the words and stressing the importance of the message.



I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood...

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. (Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream" speech)

The stylistic effect and impact of repetition depend on the position of the repeated items. Thus ordinary repetition is not identified with any fixed place of the repeated parts. Anaphoric repetition deals with the initial position for the repeated items – a , a , a ; epiphoric – with final position - …a, …a …a; framing is responsible for the initial and final place of the repeated items in the structure – a…a, b…b, c…c; catch repetition looks like …a, a…b, b…c, c…d; chain repetition has a more complex character - …a, a…b, b…c, c…d. Chiasmus is the case of the reversed parallelism with two sentence patterns when the second repeats the structure of the first, but in the reversed way –SPO into OPS: In the days of old men made the manners ;Manners now make men (Byron)

 

Repetition is an expressive means particularly effective when the speaker is under the stress of strong emotion, it shows the state of mind of the speaker. As a stylistic device, repetition acquires quite different functions. It does not aim at making a direct emotional impact. On the contrary, the stylistic device of repetition aims at logical emphasis, an emphasis necessary to fix the attention of the reader on the key-word of the utterance.

Parallel construction is most frequently used in enumeration, antithesis and in climax, thus consolidating the general effect achieved by these stylistic devices. Parallel construction is used in different styles of writing with slightly different functions. When used in the matter-of-fact styles, it carries, in the main, the idea of semantic equality of the parts, as in scientific prose, where the logical principle of arranging ideas predominates. In the belles-lettres style parallel construction carries an emotive function. That is why it is mainly used as a technical means in building up other stylistic devices, thus securing their unity.


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1879


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