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Communication
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Neuron ['njuәron] Wiring ['waiәriŋ] Outwardly ['autwәdli] Embarrassment [im' bærәsmәnt] License ['laisәns] Threatening ['qretniŋ] Enhance [in' ha:ns] Goal [goul] Transplanting [træns'pla:ntiŋ]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
Exercise 3. Match English word combinations with the following Russian ones:
Exercise 4. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:
Exercise 6: Form adjectives from the given words with the help of the given suffixes. Translate them into Russian.
- ful care, pain, beauty, use, harm, hope - less use, hope, sleep, rest, pain, home, life - al nature, practice, experiment, mechanic - y wind, bone, salt, health, ease, sleep, rapid - able change, move, eat, response, consider - ous infection, danger, nerve, fiber, vein - ive ( - tive, -ative) express, connect, cause, operate - ic history, metal, psyche, system, science
Exercise 7. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Infinitive.
1. The patient to be operated on was brought to the hospital on a stretcher. 2. This is the patient to be given general anesthesia. 3. The surgeon took a scalpel to make a midline abdominal incision. 4. The surgeon must be operating on the patient with a perforative appendicitis now. 5. To prevent complications after the flu one must go to bed at the onset of the disease and take prescribed drugs. 6. To treat advanced cases of malignant tumors is very difficult. 7. We had to take the newly admitted patient for an operation immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix. 8. The old man was too weak to be operated on and the doctor decided to postpone the operation.
Exercise 8. Open the brackets using Infinitive in the appropriate form:
1. This is the patient (to take) to ward. 2. He wanted (to send) to the oncological centre for practice. 3. He seems (to recover) by and by (gradually). 4. The students were glad (to show) a plastic operation yesterday. 5. (To operate) on this patient we must give him a local anesthesia first. 6. The nurse brought the blood (transfer) to the patient (to operate). 7. The stitches are (to remove) on the tenth post-operative day. 8. (To consider) negative, an infant must have a negative DNA after age one month. 9. The patient had (to take) to an operation immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix. 10. Further studies are needed (to characterize) the cause and possible treatment of hyper ammonia after lung transplantation.
Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:
1. What is damaged in Epilepsy? 2. Clusters of what cells in the brain signal are abnormally? 3. What problems may occur in epilepsy, when the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed? 4. When may Epilepsy develop? 5. When does epilepsy occur in a patient ? 6. What are the most common diagnostic tests for epilepsy? 7. What new types of therapies for epilepsy are being experimented now? transplanting fetal pig neurons, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures. 8. What device can predict seizures in Epilepsy? 9. When may children experience fewer seizures? 10. How do we call a diet – rich in fats and low in carbohydrates?
EPILEPSY.
Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. Epilepsy is a disorder with many possible causes. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development - can lead to seizures. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors. Having a seizure does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy. Only when a person has had two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy. *EEGs and brain scans are common diagnostic test for epilepsy. Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. For about 80 percent of those diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques. Some antiepileptic drugs can interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. In 1997, the FDA approved the vagus nerve stimulator for use in people with seizures that are not well-controlled by medication. Scientists are studying potential antiepileptic drugs with goal of enhancing treatment for epilepsy. Scientists continue to study how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve wiring and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures. One of the most-studied neurotransmitters is *GABA, or gamma-aminobutryic acid. Researchers are working to identify genes that may influence epilepsy. This information may allow doctors to prevent epilepsy or to predict which treatments will be most beneficial. Doctors are now experimenting with several new types of therapies for epilepsy, including transplanting fetal pig neurons into the brains of patients to learn whether cell transplants can help control seizures, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures up to 3 minutes before they begin. Researchers are continually improving MRI and other brain scans. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called the ketogenic diet - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.
*EEGs - electroencephalograms - ýëåêòðîýíöåôàëîãðàììû; *GABA - gamma-aminobutryic acid - ãàììà – àìèíîìàñëÿíàÿ êèñëîòà; * MRL – magnetic resonance imaging – ìàãíèòî – ðåçîíàíñíîå èçîáðàæåíèå
Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.
1. What is damaged in Epilepsy? 2. Clusters of what cells in the brain signal are abnormally? 3. What problems may occur in epilepsy, when the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed? 4. When may Epilepsy develop? 5. When does epilepsy occur a patient ? 6. What are the most common diagnostic tests for epilepsy? 7. What new types of therapies for epilepsy are being experimented now? 8. What device can predict seizures in Epilepsy? 9. When may children experience fewer seizures? 10. How do we call a diet – rich in fats and low in carbohydrates?
Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined members or parts of sentences.
1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. 2. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. 3. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development - can lead to seizures. 4. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors. 5. Only when a person has had two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy. 6. For about 80 percent of patients diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques. 7. Some antiepileptic drugs can interfere with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. 8. Scientists are studying potential antiepileptic drugs with goal of enhancing treatment for epilepsy. 9. Scientists continue to study how neurotransmitters interact with brain cells to control nerve firing and how non-neuronal cells in the brain contribute to seizures. 10. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called the ketogenic diet - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.
Exercise 12. Make up sentences according to the text.
1. Epilepsy, possible, with, disorder, is, many, a, causes. 2. Is, as, to, epilepsy, begin, as, once, diagnosed, is, treatment, soon, important, it, possible. 3. Are, identify, researchers, to, that, working, epilepsy, genes, influence, may. 4. Seizures, cause, not, most, brain, do, damage. 5. Contraceptives, drugs, with, interfere, some, can, effectiveness, the, antiepileptic, of, oral.
Exercise 13. Insert the prepositions and adverbs where it is necessary.
1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder … which clusters … nerve cells, or neurons, … the brain sometimes signal abnormally. 2. *EEGs and brain scans are common diagnostic test … epilepsy. 3. … about 80 percent … those diagnosed … epilepsy, seizures can be controlled … modern medicines and surgical techniques. 4. Most people … epilepsy lead … normal lives. 5. Researchers are … improving MRI and other brain scans.
Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given below:
1. … a disorder of the brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that have a sudden onset. 2. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes …, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness. 3. Epilepsy may develop because of … in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, or some combination of these factors. 4. Having … does not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy 5. … are common diagnostic test for epilepsy. 6. Once epilepsy… , it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible.
(*EEGs and brain scans; disturbed; a seizure; Epilepsy; an abnormality; is diagnosed).
Exercise 15. Translate into English, using active vocabulary:
Exercise 16. Give the summary of the text, according to the following questions.
What is Epilepsy? Is there any treatment? What research is being done?
Exercise 17. Topic vocabulary:
TEST:
1. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which… , or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally.
a. clots of nerve cells b. clusters of nerve cells c. fascicles of nerve cells d. bundle of nerve cells e. plexus of nerve cells
2. …epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.
a. At b. On c. In d. Upon e. Before
3. Anything that disturbs the normal pattern of neuron activity - from illness to brain damage to abnormal brain development -… .
a. can be lead to seizures b. can leads to seizures c. could lead to seizures d. can lead to seizures e. can to lead to seizures
4. Epilepsy may develop because of an abnormality in brain wiring, an imbalance of nerve signaling chemicals called… , or some combination of these factors.
a. neuroblasts b. neurocytons c. neurotachometers d. neuroviruses e. neurotransmitters
5. Only when a person …two or more seizures is he or she considered to have epilepsy.
a. has had b. have had c. had had d. have been e. have been had
6. …of those diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques.
a. For about 80 percent b. For about 70 percent c. For about 60 percent d. For about 50 percent e. For about 40 percent
7. …, the FDA approved the vagus nerve stimulator for use in people with seizures that are not well-controlled by medication.
a. In 1907 b. In 1987 c. In 1997 d. In 1917 e. In 1897
8. This information … epilepsy or to predict which treatments will be most beneficial.
a. may allow doctors to prevent b. may allow doctors to prompt c. may be allowed doctors to prevent d. may be allow doctors to prevent e. may allow doctors to prevent
9. Doctors are now experimenting with several new types of therapies for epilepsy, including transplanting fetal pig neurons into the brains of patients to learn whether cell transplants can help control seizures, transplanting stem cells, and using a device that could predict seizures… .
a. up to 3 minutes after they begin b. up to 3 minutes before they begin c. up to 3 minutes before they complete d. up to 23 minutes before they begin e. to three minutes after they finish
10. Studies have show that in some case, children may experience fewer seizures if they maintain a strict diet - called … - rich in fats and low in carbohydrates.
a. the bland diet b. the gluten-free diet c. the sodium-restricted diet d. the ketogenic diet e. the unmeasured diet
K E Y S
1. HISTORY OF MEDICINE IN UKRAINE.
Test Keys
2. BONES, MUSCLES, JOINTS.
Keys Exercise 12:
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3. WHO (World Health Organization)
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4. CELLS
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5. SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
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6. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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7. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
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8. DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (TONSILLITIS, PHARYNGITIS, LARYNGITIS).
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9. DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
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10. GASTRITIS
Keys Exercise: 7
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11. GOITER
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12. OBESITY
Keys Exercise 4
Keys Exercise 11
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13. ACUTE NEPHRITIS
Keys Exercise 4
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14. NEPHROLITHIASIS
Keys Exercise 4
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15. ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
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16. INFERTILITY
Keys Test 1
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17. TETANUS
Keys Exercise 7
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18. DIPHTHERIA
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19. MALARIA
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20. VACCINATION
Keys Exercise 7
Keys Exercise 11
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21. ALLERGIES
Keys Exercise 2
22. HEADACHE
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23. MIGRAINE
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24. NEUROSES
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25. CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE (APOPLEXY)
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26. EPILEPSY
Keys Exercise 4:
Keys Test
Communication Within companies, communication falls into two main areas. There is the communication of information and technical knowledge needed to do the job at hand. Íåãå, paper-based communication is being replaced by the company intranet, with internal websites only accessible by employees. Some våãó large companies àãå appointing knowledge officers to exploit the information in à company to the full and communicate it effectively to those who need it. (But in this age of increasingly accessible information, there will ïî doubt always bå the information hoarders, employees and managers who find power and pleasure in keeping information for themselves, åvån if it would bå useful to their colleagues.) There is also what might bå called 'celebration-exhortation'. The internal company magazine is the classic communication channel here. It may bå produced in-house by à 'communications department' îr out-of-house by journalists who specialise in this àråà. It may try to demonstrate how the company is putting its mission statement into action: the management may try to change employee behaviour by exhortation and by praising the performance of particular departments and individuals. Externally, advertising has been the most visible form of communication with customers. Usually this is designed to increase product sales, but there is also institutional advertising, designed to improve perceptions of the company as à whole. Companies naturally like to be seen as human and environmentally aware. But the communication between companies and their customers is increasingly becoming two-way, with customer service centres designed to gather information, not just complaints, from customers about all aspects of use of à company's products. Ideally, this information feeds back into product modification and new product design. (See Unit 10 for òîãå îï customer relationship management.) Equally, à company must communicate with its investors, and investor relations àãå becoming àn important specialized àråà of public relations. Investors want to know how their money is being used and what their prospects àãå. And then there is the wider public audience to attend to. Press conferences may bå called to announce important events, such as product launches. Press releases may be issued to communicate òîãå routine information. There is also the specialized àråà of crisis management and damage control: see Unit 11. Whatever à company does, it has an image. It might as well try to influence (some would say 'manipulate') the moulding of this image. This is one reason why the communications industry, in all its forms, is à multibillion-dollar business.
Read on Paul Argenti: Corporate Coòòunicatioï, ÌñGãàw-ÍiII, 1998 Scott Cutlip: Effective Public Relatioïs, Prentice Íàll, 1999 Steven L. Guengerich (ed.) et à(.: Buildiïg the Corporate Iïtraïet, Wiley, 1996 Richard Â. Higgins: Best Practices iï Global Iïvestor Relatioïs, Quorum, 2000 Cees vàï Riel, Wally Olins: Priïciples ofCorporate Coòòuïicatioï, Prentice Íàll, 1995
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1487
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