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V A C C I N A T I O N
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Pathogens [ ' pæqәd¯әnz] Weakened [' wi:kәnd] Targeted [' tα: gitid] Immunization [imjunai 'zeiòәn] Effort [ ' efәt] Mercury ['m”:kjuri] Attenuated [ә' tenjuәtid] Species ['spi:ò i:z] Vaccine ['v æksi:n] Azheimer’s [ ' ælts haimәz] Pasteur [pæ 'st”:]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary: Exercise 3. Form and translate the new words by adding:
Sub- divide, tropical, class, coetaneous, costal, family, mucous Inter- costal, national, muscular, vertebral, ventricular, vascular
Exercise 4. Read and translate the words with the following suffixes and give some more examples of your own:
realize, recognize, criticize, generalize sufficiency, urgency, persistency, emergency distant, present, absent, dependent badness, coldness, whiteness, redness associative, connective, preventive, investigative
Exercise 5. Translate the given words with same root:
Condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional; developed, developing, development.
Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones and make up the sentences of your own.
the incidence of many diseases; the eradication of smallpox; widespread acceptance; mercury derivatives; the administration of one or more immunogens; closely-related species; to be beneficial to a degree; essential empiricism; immune response; post-exposure immunisation to Rabies; by hypodermic injection; to be not absorbed reliably through the gut; in order to produce immunity.
Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:
Exercise 8. Revise the grammar material. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the sentences with Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive.
Model: 1. He cannot have known it. (íå ìîæåò áûòü) 2. Can he have known it? (íåóæåëè?) 3. He may have known it. (ìîæåò áûòü; âîçìîæíî) 4. He must have known it. (äîëæíî áàòü; âåðîÿòíî)
1. Can such a serious complication have occurred in this case? 2. The disease can’t have developed so quickly. 3. The pain may not have been controlled yet? 4. The doctor may have administered this patient a light diet. 5. The nurse must have already given the injection. 6. His vision must have been checked up last week.
Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:
VACCINATION
Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows: the cowpox virus, a relatively benign virus that provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning. Vaccination efforts have been met with some resistance since its inception. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns were undertaken which have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in many areas. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination causes some autoimmune disease and autism. Scientific studies have not demonstrated a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003 which included the suggestion that mercury derivatives in vaccines might have been a cause of autism. Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. Vaccination given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week is known to be beneficial to a degree. The first Rabies immunisation was given by Pasteur to a child bitten by a rabid dog, and then and subsequently post-exposure immunisation to Rabies has generally been followed by survival. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.
POT-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:
Exercise 10. Answer the following questions:
What is vaccination? Who coined this term? Why is vaccination so named? What two words have the same colloquial meaning? What is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination? When was the eradication of smallpox last seen in a natural case? What may the childhood vaccination cause currently? Have vaccination efforts been met with some resistance since its inception? What derivatives might have been a cause of autism? In what cases are some modern vaccines administered? How are the most vaccines given by? What vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel?
Exercise11. Join the parts of the sentence in the column A with the correct ones in the column B using the text.
A B
Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:
Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a sick person or animal. The term was coined by Louis Pasteur and adapted by Edward Jenner for his pioneering work in vaccination. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting pigs. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1877. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination does not cause some autoimmune disease and autism. Mercury derivatives in vaccines may be a cause of autism. Vaccination given after exposure to chicken pox, within the first four days. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gullet.
Exercise 13. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order according to the text.
In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against infectious disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.
Exercise 14. Put questions to the underlined membersor parts of sentences.
Vaccination is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same colloquial meaning. The eradication of smallpox was last seen in a natural case in 1977. Some modern vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.
Exercise 15. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms. Translate them into Russian.
Vaccination is the process which (to administer) in weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent. Edward Jenner (to coin) the term and Louis Pasteur (to adapt) it for his pioneering work in vaccination. It’s known that, in common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally (to have) the same colloquial meaning. Vaccination efforts (to meet) with some resistance since its inception. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case in 1977, is considered (to be) the most spectacular success of vaccination. Currently some people assert that in future childhood vaccination (to cause) some autoimmune disease and autism. Scientific study (to not demonstrate) a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003. Some modern vaccines are administered after the patients already (to contract) a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. Vaccines are known (to give) orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel. One said, that the vaccines already (to trigger) an immune response more rapidly than the natural infection itself.
Exercise 16. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
Exercise 17. Give the definitions of the following terms according to the text in English:
Vaccination, cowpox virus, immunization, vaccine.
Exercise 18. Give the summary of the text “Vaccination”.
Exercise 19. Topic vocabulary.
TEST.
1. … is the process of administering weakened or dead pathogens to a healthy person or animal, with the intent of conferring immunity against a targeted form of a related disease agent.
a. vaccination b. inoculation c. catheterization d. immunization e. ammonization
2. It succeeded and is distinct … inoculation.
a. out b. through c. from d. in e. above
3. The term was coined by Edward Jenner and adapted by … Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination.
a. Lewis Pasteur b. Lionel Pasteur c. Luke Pasteur d. Louis Pasteur e. Lambert Pasteur
4. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so named because the first vaccine was derived from … affecting cows: the cowpox … , a relatively benign virus that provides a degree of immunity to smallpox, a contagious and deadly disease.
a. a vaccine b. a bacillus c. a coccus d. a bacterium e. a virus
5. In common speech, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally… the same colloquial meaning.
a. has b. have c. to have d. had e. had been
6. Vaccination efforts have been met with some resistance since … inception.
a. his b. her c. its d. it’s e. them
7. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance and mass vaccination campaigns … which have greatly reduced the incidence of many diseases in many areas.
a. was undertaken b. undertaken c. undertook d. to undertook e. were undertaken
8. The eradication of smallpox, which was last seen in a natural case…, is considered the most spectacular success of vaccination.
a. in 1967 b. in 1977 c. in 1907 d. in 1877 e. in 1917
9. Currently some people assert that childhood vaccination causes some autoimmune disease and … .
a. autemesia b. autism. c. autarcesis d. autophobia e. autophony
10. Scientific studies have not demonstrated a link; however, the assertion found space in a United States House of Representatives report in 2003 which included the suggestion that mercury derivatives in vaccines …a cause of autism.
a. may have been b. might have been c. may be d. may e. might
11. In the generic sense, the process of artificial induction of immunity, in an effort to protect against ... disease, works by 'priming' the immune system with an 'immunogen'.
a. infectious b. nervous c. contagious d. serious e. dangerous
12. Stimulating immune response, … use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization.
a. from b. vice verse c. because d. via e. through
13. Vaccinations … the administration of one or more immunogens, in the form of live, but weakened (attenuated) infectious agents, which normally are either weaker, but closely-related species (as with smallpox and cowpox), or strains weakened by some process.
a. protect b. prevent c. involve d. contain e. include
14. In such cases, an immunogen is called a … .
a. vaccines b. vaccine c. cocci d. bacteria e. viruses
15. Some modern vaccines … after the patient already has contracted a disease, as in the cases of experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines.
a. to be administered b. to administered c. is administered d. administered e. are administered
16. Vaccination given after exposure to smallpox, within the first four days, is reported to attenuate the disease considerably, and vaccination within the first week … beneficial to a degree.
a. to know to be b. is known to be c. to be known d. to have known e. to have been known
17. The first Rabies immunization was given by … to a child bitten by a rabid dog, and then and subsequently post-exposure immunization to Rabies has generally been followed by survival.
a. Louise Pasteur b. Edward Jenner c. Joseph Lister d. William Harvey e. Amboise Pare
18. The essential empiricism behind such immunizations is that the vaccine triggers an immune response more …than the natural infection itself.
a. slowly b. obviously c. frequently d. probably e. rapidly
19. Most vaccines are given by hypodermic injection as they are not absorbed reliably … the gut.
a. from b. out c. in d. through e. across
20. Live attenuated Polio, some Typhoid and Cholera Vaccines are given orally in order … immunity based in the bowel.
a. to induce b. to cause c. to lead d. to produce e. to result in
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1131
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