I N F E R T I L I T Y

P R E – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation :

Experience [iks'piəriəns], hypothalamic [haipoѲə'læmik], distinguish [dis'tiŋgwi∫], genitourinary ['dʒenitəjuərinəri], repair [ripeə], accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit], chromosome ['krouməsoum], correlation [kоrilei∫n], technique [tek'ni:k], exposure [iks'pouʒə], adequate ['ædikwit], hypothyroidism [haipo'Ѳairoidizm], diaper ['daiəpə], caffeine ['kæfii:n].

Exercise 3. Find antonyms to the following words:

Gradually, to increase, to diminish, mild, internal, onset, to accomplish, to improve, physical, benign, to doubt, to leave

( to be sure, malignant, mental, to come, rapidly, to rise, to decrease, external, to rise, severe, to impair, to begin).

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Objective Infinitive Construction:

1. We know penicillin to be effective in treating inflammations.

2. Medical personnel know bacteria to be killed by boiling.

3. The surgeon ordered the nurse to bring the patient with open bleeding wound on the leg to the dressing room.

4. The students watched the surgeon make a midline abdominal incision with a scalpel.

5. We know Pirogov to be the first in removing cancer of the mammary gland.

Exercise 5. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Construction:

1. Pasteur showed that fermentation was due to living organism.

2. He found that lactic fermentation was caused by bacteria.

3. Many health officers believed that it was necessary to pasteurize milk.

4. Scientists consider polio virus enters the body through the mouth or nose.

5. The physician told the patient’s mother that the boy should remain in bed for at least five days.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

INFERTILITY

Infertility is the inability to naturally conceive a child or the inability to carry a pregnancy to term. There are many reasons why a couple may not be able to conceive, or may not be able to conceive without medical assistance.

Infertility is one of the severe disorders both for male and female because both of them can hardly experience this state. It is necessary to differentiate absolute infertility when there are deep unreversable changes which make conceiving impossible and relative infertility when the causes giving it rise may be irradicated.

Besides one should distinguish primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is a disease when a female has never had pregnancies and secondary one is difficulty of conceiving after already having conceived and carried a normal pregnancy. Apart from various conditions (e.g. hormonal ), this may come as a result of age and stress, impossibility to provide a sibling for their first child.

A couple considers to be infertile if:

· they have not conceived after 12 months or after 6 months if the woman is over 35 years of age.

· there is incapability to carry a pregnancy to term.

General factor relating to female infertility are diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal disease and common diseases such as significant liver, kidney insufficiency, different female sphere disorders, disturbances of genitourinary tract and various psychological factors.

Factors relating to male infertility include endocrine problems, hypothalamic disorders, genetic deffects, neoplasm, trauma, infectious diseases such as mumps, different psycological factors, indulgence to drugs, alcohol.

In the majority of cases of male infertility no clear cause can be identified with current diagnostic methods.

In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or sub-fertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance.

Prevention

· Some cases of infertility may be avoided by doing the following:

· Avoid drugs and medications known to cause fertility problems.

· Avoid excessive exercise.

· Avoid exposure to environmental hazards such as pesticides.

· Get early treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.

· Have regular physical examinations to detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.

· Keep diseases, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism, under control.

· Avoid smoking.

· Limit caffeine and alcohol intake.

· Practice stress management.

· Use birth control to prevent unwanted pregnancy and abortion.

In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. To avoid this feeling a couple should apply to a psycologist.

P O S T – T E X T A S S I G N M E N T

Exercise 7. Answer the questions:

What is infertility?

What is absolute infertility caused by?

May relative infertility be irradicated?

What is primary infertility?

When is a couple considered to be infertile?

What are factors of female infertility?

What are factors of male infertility?

What are the ways of avoiding infertility?

What are preventable measures of infertility?

What are the causes of infertility?

TEST 1

1. Infertility is the ... to naturally conceive a child.

a) ability

b) possibility

c) inability

d) impossibility

e) responsibility

2. Absolute infertility is when there are ... which make pregnancy impossible.

a) concomitant diseases

b) deep unreversable changes

c) severe disorders

d) significant liver insufficiency

e) various psychological factors

3. We know antibiotics ... in treating inflammations.

a) to be effective

b) are effective

c) is efficient

d) was effective

e) will be efficient

4. The students watched the professor ... the patient.

a) will examine

b) examines

c) inspects

d) was examining

e) to examine

5. What... absolute infertility... by?

a) is caused

b) cause

c) do cause

d) is causing

e) was causing

6. What... preventable measures of infertility?

a) is

b) do

c) did

d) are

e) does

7. The patient with acute phaiyngitis usually complaints of tension in the …

a) ear

b) nose

c) heart

d) uvula

e) throat

8. The patient ... to fallow home treatment

a) to be allowed

b) allow

c) has been allowed

d) is allowed

e) allows

9. The patient is recommended to gargle his throat... a warm solution of sodium bicarborbonate.

a) about

b) with

c) above

d) over

e) to

10. When the patient... from high fever he needs more liquids than usual.

a) suffers

b) to suffer

c) has been suffered

d) is suffered

e) was suffered

TEST 2

1. Infertility is the ... to naturally conceive a child.

a) ability

b) possibility

c) inability

d) impossibility

e) responsibility

2. Absolute infertility is when there are ... which make pregnancy impossible.

a) concomitant diseases

b) deep unreversable changes

c) severe disorders

d) significant liver insufficiency

e) various psychological factors

3. We know antibiotics ... in treating inflammations.

a) to be effective

b) are effective

c) is efficient

d) was effective

e) will be efficient

4. The students watched the professor ... the patient.

a) will examine

b) examines

c) inspects

d) was examining

e) to examine

5. What... absolute infertility ... by?

a) is caused

b) cause

c) do cause

d) is causing

e) was causing

6. What... preventable measures of infertility?

a) is

b) do

c) did

d) are

e) does

7. What are the ways of avoiding male infertility?

a) to keep bed regimen

b) to use hot bath

c) to check blood pressure regularly

d) to examine sputum

e) to have regular physical examination

8. What is a cause of infertility?

a) liver insufficiency

b) genetic cause

c) heart disease

d) ulcer of the stomach

e) digestion disorders

9. The couple can't have a child ... assistance.

a) without b)by

c) along with

d) with

e) through

10. Infertility is one of the severe disorders both ... male and female.

a) to

b) in

c) at

d) of

e) for

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1341