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P N E U M O N I APneumonia is an acute inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by bacteria and marked by formation of an exudate in the lung tissue. The symptoms of pneumonia are following: fever and temperature changes have an irregular course and are caused by the appearance of new foci of inflammation in the pulmonary tissue. Fever persists several weeks and then decreases gradually. The patient”s breathing is rapid with 30-40 respirations per minute. There are breathlessness and cyanosis of the face. The patient complains of the pain in the chest particularly on deep breathing in and cough with purulent sputum. The pulse rate is accelerated and the arterial pressure is reduced. The blood analysis reveals leucocytosis and an accelerated ESR. The urine may contain a small amount of protein and erythrocytes. The X-ray examination of the lungs reveals numerous foci of inflammations. But after a course of treatment the prognosis is favourable. In recent years the introduction of specific means of therapy for the majority of cases pneumonia has brought about a profound change in thought concerning the acute pulmonary infections. A few years ago primary emphasis was placed upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lung. Today these changes are considered much less important than the accurate determination of the etiologic agent. Except in acute lobar pneumonia, clinical findings rarely permit an etiologic diagnosis to be made at the bedside. Even in lobular pneumonia when the pneumococcus may logically be suspected in most cases, anyone of forty-one different types of pneumococci may be responsible. Thus, the bacteriologic examination of the sputum must be considered an integral part of the study of patients with pneumonia.
POST – TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 9. Answer the questions:
1. What are the classic bacterial infections of the lungs? 2. Is acute bronchitis a primary disease? 3. What are symptoms of acute bronchitis? 4. What does the examination of the chest reveal? 5. What are complications following bronchitis? 6. What is the prognosis of bronchitis? 7. What is pneumonia caused and marked by? 8. Do the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide? What is the difference? 9. How many types of pneumococci exist? 10. What is an integral part of the study of patients with pneumonia?
Exercise 10. Translate the following word combinations into English and make up 5 sentences of your own:
Exercise 12. Insert prepositions:
1. The patient complained … numbness in his right hand. 2. Scientists consider that poliovirus enters the body … mouth or nose. 3. Surface waters may be contaminated … chemical and biological substances. 4. Local anesthetics may be divided … two groups according … their action. 5. The patient survived the operation … cholecystitis well. 6. Cholera is an acute infection … alimentary tract due … the cholera vibrio. 7. She cares … Anatomy and pays great attention … this subject. 8. He graduated … the medical institute … last year.
Exercise 13. Speak on the following items:
The main symptoms of acute bronchitis. The cardinal signs of chronic bronchitis. The course of pneumonia.
Exercise 14. Give a summary of the text.
TEST
1. What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?
a) inflammation of the abdomen, purulent sputum b) inflammation of the tonsils and throat c) general weakness, headache d) productive cough, hoarseness, chills, fever, rales in the lungs e) sore throat edema of the uvula
2. The physical sings of chronic bronchitis consist chiefly of ... in addition to signs characteristic to the associated primary conditions.
a) congestive heart failure b) attack of respiratory infection c) coarse or fine moist rales d) sinusitis e) emphysema of lungs
3. ... middle life chronic bronchitis is a persistent and annoying disease
a) in b) at ñ) after d) on e) beyond
4. In persons ... later life suffering from the prodromal stages of congestive heart failure "winter-cough" is frequently seen.
a) in b) at c) after d) on e) beyond
5. Acute bronchitis usually ... as a secondary infection.
a) developed b) develops ñ) has been developing d) was developed e) is developing
6. The sputum, at first mucoit, usually ... purulent and tenacious.
a) became b) becomes ñ) has become d) had become e) becoming
7. A few years ago primary emphasis ... upon the pathologic changes which developed in the lungs.
a) has been placed b) had become c) was placed d) was placing e) is placed
8. ... are the classical bacterial infections of the lungs?
a) where b) when c) who d) what kind of e) what
9. ... the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia coincide?
a) does b) are ñ do d) is e) were
10. Except in acute lobar pneumona, clinical findings rarely permit an etiological diagnoses to be made ...
a) at a polyclinic b) at the bedside c) at a hospital d) at a therapeutic department e) at home
1 0 . G A S T R I T I S Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
Catarrh [kә ´ta:] Catarrhal [kә ´ta:l] Indicreation [indis ¢kre∫әn] Enteritis [entә ¢ raitis] to superadd [s(j)u:pәr¢æd] to supervene [s(j)u:pә¢vi:n] pyorrhea [ paiә ´ riә] diminution [dimi¢ nju: ∫әn] lavarge [´lævidʒ] favour [´feivә] Bicarbonate [bai 'ka:bənət] Sodium [soudiəm] Tumblerful ['tmbləful] Adequate [' ædikwət] Anorexia [ænə 'reksiə]
Exercise 3. Find the stem in the following words. Point out prefixes and suffices.
Excitement, scientific, triumphantly, source, aching, typhoid, cholera, disappear, survival, restless, sleepy, post-operative, doubtful, removal, midline, mucous, perfusion, curettage, avoidance, illegal, warning, blindness
Exercise 4. Form nouns from the given words with the help of the given suffices. Give some more examples of your own. Translate them into Russian.
-ness: weak, ill, polite, like… -ment: develop, require, measure … -ion(ation): examine, incise, oblige … -al: remove, revive, arrive … -ty(ity); ety(ity): cruel, stupid, artificial… -ship: comrade, relation, ownership … -ing: begin, feel, greet … -ance(ence): differ, important, absent … -hood: brother, child, mother … -th: wide, deep, long …
Exercise 5. Form words with the help of negative prefixes:
Comfort, advantage, appear, fortunately, eatable, dependence, ability, patience, proper, logical, regularity, reversible, solve, proper, comfort, order, depend, dramatic, desirable, connect, possible, responsible, valid.
Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones. Use them in sentences of your own.
catarrhal gastritis indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks contaminated food serious consequences mastication of food excessive secretion of mucus absence of hydrochloric acid essential in treatment gastric lavage administration of a teaspoonful a tumblerful of warm water in adequate amount in chronic patients Bad dietary habits the next best substitute
Exercise 7. Match medical terms with the proper definitions:
Exercise 8. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the sentences with Absolute Participle Construction.
1. In acute cholecystitis an attack of pain is usually preceded by physical and mental overstrain, sharp physical movements or abnormalities in diet, fatty food and alcohol being responsible for the onset of pain. 2. Of the total number of the patients forty-eight have been relieved of digestive symptoms, four having died of other pathologic condition. 3. Three patients have had symptoms of recurrence, one having died of a gastro-intestinal bleeding. 4. Pain may radiate to the right shoulder, right arm, sternum, and lumbar area, its intensity depending on the form of cholecystitis and the patient’s sensitivity. 5. Gastric and duodenal ulcers having been proved to result from disturbances in the central nervous system, the corticovisceral theory of pathogenesis of ulcer was developed.
Exercise 9. Read and translate the text:
GASTRITIS
Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes. Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are: 1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach. 2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount. 3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:
Exercise 10. Answer the following questions.
1. What causes may induce acute gastritis? 2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis? 3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis? 4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why? 5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of? 6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment? 7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur? 8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis? 9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis? 10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount? 11. When does anorexia occur? 12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?
Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to… 2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in… 3. … may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. 4. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes. 5. … is essential. 6. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as … 7. Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach. 8. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration … in the morning and again before meals throughout the day. 9. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning …. 10. …should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
Exercise 12. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. 2. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute cholecystitis. 3. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is belching and when enteritis is superadded constipation also supervenes. 4. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means frequent disease. 5. Much of the treatment of chronic gastritis is essentially prophylactic. 6. The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are vomiting, diminution and anorexia. 7. Vomiting occurs especially in the morning and is always associated with an excessive secretion of blood into the stomach. 8. Diminution or frequently complete presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. 9. Gastric lavage carried out always after breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, after meals. 10. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.
Exercise 13. Explain the following diseases in English:
Acute gastritis; peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis; pancreatitis, enteritis; gastroenteritis
Exercise 14. Translate the following word combinations.
Exercise 15. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. 2. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. 3. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis and deficient mastication of food . 4. The first essential in treatment is gastric lavage. 5. Gastric lavage is carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. 6. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount. 7. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. 8. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.
Exercise 16. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms of Participles. Translate them into Russian.
1. The patient (to survive) the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated. 2. Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, inflammatory process both in the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts, sometimes with the involment of the liver (to aassociate) with it. 3. The biochemical blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they (to result) from the effect of toxic substances in the liver. 4. Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it (to follow) by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy. 5. My friend (to suffer) from a severe toothache, I advised him to go to the dentist.
Acute gastritis. Chronic gastritis. Cardinal symptoms of them. Treatment of Acute gastritis and Chronic gastritis. Exercise 19. Topic vocabulary:
TEST:
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due … a great variety of causes.
a. from b. to c. on d. in e. off
2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in … acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh.
a. its b. it’s c. her d. his e. your
3. The inflammation may … downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.
a. spreads b. spread c. is spreading d. to spread e. to be spread
4. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means … disease.
a. frequent b. common c. general d. infrequent e. rare
5. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as…, which may possibly result from it.
a. oleoma b.pappiloma c. myolipoma d. dentinoma e. carcinoma
6. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in … of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastification of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth).
a. the removal b. the insertion c. the resection d. the implantation e. the grafting
7. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease… , the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals.
a. have been removed b. has been removed c. having been removed d. to have been removed e. had been removed
8. Treatment by …is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.
a. lavement b. lavation c. irrigation d. ablution e. lavage
9. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of … in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.
a. sodium benzoate b. sodium chloride c. sodium fluoride d. sodium bicarbonate e. sodium sulfate
10. …is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency.
a. Hydrocyanic acid b. Hydrochloric acid c. Hydroiodic acid d. Hydrosulfuric acid e. Hydroxyacetic acid
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1905
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