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Algorithms and programmingCommercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards , street furniture components, printed flyers, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, web pop-ups, skywriting, bus stop benches, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, taxicab doors and roof mounts, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in supermarkets, the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Television. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached US$3 million (as of 2009). The majority of television commercials feature a song or jingle that listeners soon relate to the product. Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops. Virtual billboards may be inserted into the background where none exist in real-life. This technique is especially used in televised sporting events. Virtual product placement is also possible. Infomercials. An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word "infomercial" is a portmanteau of the words "information" & "commercial". The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising a product or service. Radio advertising. The radio might have lost its charm owing to the new age media however the radio remains to be the choice of small-scale advertisers. These ads have to be very simple and easy to be understood, since people are usually doing something, like driving, when listening to them. The radio jingles have been very popular advertising media and have a large impact on the audience, which is evident in the fact that many people still remember and enjoy the popular radio jingles. Direct mail is another kind of advertising, sending the ads via mail system to the future customers. This system is also used through e-mails and offers graphics and links to more information. In order to do this kind of advertising, the advertisers have to buy so-called mailing lists, which contain the addresses of people with certain wanted characteristics. The Yellow Pages are thick directories of telephone listings and displays of advertisements, mostly of local use, but nevertheless very effective. Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, pop-ups, social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam. Billboard advertising. Billboards are large structures located in public places which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large amount of passing motor and pedestrian traffic; however, they can be placed in any location with large amounts of viewers, such as on mass transit vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums. Mobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens. The billboards are often lighted; some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change; for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters, eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays. Celebrity endorsement. This type of advertising focuses upon using celebrity power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products and promote specific stores or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however. One mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. For example, following his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, swimmer Michael Phelps' contract with Kellogg's was terminated, as Kellogg's did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana. Covert advertising embedded in other entertainment media is known as product placement. A more recent version of this is advertising in film, by having a main character use an item or other of a definite brand - an example is in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character Tom Anderton owns a computer with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgrari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robtot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them "classics," because the film is set far in the future. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches and BMW cars featured in recent James Bond films. Some companies have proposed to place messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Unpaid advertising (also called word of mouth advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations ("bring a friend", "sell it"), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun ("Xerox" = "photocopier", "Kleenex" = tissue, and "Vaseline" = petroleum jelly) -- these are the pinnacles of any advertising campaign. However, some companies oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Subliminal advertising includes messages such as words, images, or sounds that might appear in television or radio commercials, TV shows or movies, print ads or recorded music. Usually when subliminal messages are seen or heard, they’re not recognized for what they are. In fact they may be ignored by the conscious brain and be beyond the level of conscious perception. So subliminal advertising is out of conscious perception. Visual messages may be quickly flashed before an individual may process them, or flashed and then masked. Audio messages may be played below audible volumes, similarly masked by other stimuli, or recorded backwards in a process called backmasking. The theory holds that subliminal messages are perceived by the subconscious or unconscious mind. Since the conscious mind doesn’t have time to rationalize or analyze these messages, people might more easily accept them. For instance, the use of red in commercials for Target® is at least partly subliminal. The red itself really has nothing to do with the company, but persistence in using it for most commercials means advertisers hope that the color red, whenever seen, will remind people of Target and convince them to shop there. Subconscious stimuli by single words are well known to be modestly effective in changing human behavior or emotions. This is evident by a pictorial advertisement that portrays four different types of rum. The phrase "U Buy" was embedded somewhere, backwards in the picture. A study was done to test the effectiveness of the alcohol ad. Before the study, participants were able to try to identify any hidden message in the ad, none found any. In the end, the study showed 80% of the subjects unconsciously perceived the backward message, meaning they showed a preference for that particular rum. But still there’s disagreement on the degree to which subliminal messages can affect peoples’ mind. Till the mid 20th century, the use of subliminal messaging in advertising was considered standard fare, especially visual messages where something would flash for a split second on a screen that would subliminally convince the viewer to act in a certain way. But soon people became afraid that subliminal messages could be used to “brainwash” themselves or others. This fear became so great that by the 1970s, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) banned the use of subliminal messages in advertisements. Yet it’s never really been proven that subliminal messages work to any great degree. In 1957, market researcher James Vicary claimed that quickly flashing messages on a movie screen, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, had influenced people to purchase more food and drinks. Vicary also claimed that during the presentation of the movie Picnic he used a tachistoscope to project the words "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Hungry? Eat popcorn" for 1/3000 of a second at five-second intervals. Vicary asserted that during the test, sales of popcorn and Coke in that New Jersey theater increased 57.8% and 18.1% respectively. However, in 1962 Vicary admitted to lying about the experiment and falsifying the results, the story itself being a marketing ploy. An identical experiment conducted by Dr. Henry Link showed no increase in cola or popcorn sales. Though today subliminal advertising--hidden messages embedded in ads--is considered a deceptive business practice and is banned a legal kind of "subliminal" persuasion happens every day. Shoppers are regularly encouraged to buy by appeals to their senses or unconscious assumptions. Store owners know that playing music with a tempo faster than the human heartbeat causes shoppers to shop quickly--and therefore buy less. The slower the beat, the more time shoppers will take, and the greater the chances are that they'll buy something. Music also can direct us to certain products. For example, it can determine what kind of wine we pick up from the shelves. In one experiment over a two-week period, British researchers played either accordion-heavy French music or a German brass band over the speakers of the wine section inside a large supermarket. On French music days, 77% of consumers bought French wine, whereas on German music days, the vast majority of consumers picked up a German selection. Intriguingly, only one out of the 44 customers who agreed to answer a few questions at the checkout counter mentioned the music as among the reasons they bought the wine they did. Shapes also have a Draw. A large food manufacturer once tested two different containers for a diet mayonnaise aimed at female shoppers. Both containers held the exact same mayo, and both bore the exact same label. The only difference? The shapes of the bottles. The first was narrow around the middle and thicker at the top and on the bottom. The second had a slender neck that tapered down into a fat bottom, like a genie bottle. When asked which product they preferred, every single subject--all diet-conscious women--selected the first bottle without even having tasted the stuff. Why? The researchers concluded that the subjects were associating the shape of the bottle with an image of their own bodies. 1. In the text find words and expressions that mean 1. to give, to allocate 2. the attributes of a brand as perceived by potential and actual customers 3. a group of related products marketed by the same company 4. talk, rumors, a kind of advertising 5. a small printed notice for distribution by hand 6. advertising goods by spreading information about them among other people 7. information about things that where lost and then found 8. location 9. to promote 10. to start, to release 11. to mean 12. ads in the press, usually divided into rubrics 13. ads which offer customers to order products by mail 14. a characteristic of a product that can be used in advertising to differentiate it from its competitors 15. to introduce 16. a company in the Internet 17. important, to the point 18. advertising gift 19. ad on TV 20. of, for, or appealing to a large number of people; popular 21. he time allocated to a particular programme, item, topic, or type of material on radio or television 22. a run of airtime 23. unplanned purchase 24. an intracity phone call 25. a recommendation of the character, ability, etc., of a person or of the quality of a consumer product or service, esp by a person whose opinion is valued 26. all the readers collectively of a particular publication or author 27. a song or a tune played in a commercial 28. by means of 29. a book, arranged alphabetically or classified by trade listing names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc., of individuals or firms 30. an advertisement, often animated, that extends across the width of a web page 31. something that appears over or above the open window on a computer screen 32. a characteristic of a product by a famous or reliable person 33. a famous person 34. tending to attract attention; striking 35. to include 36. the highest point or level, esp of fame, success, etc 37. the disadvantageous aspect of a situation 38. the act or the effect of perceiving 39. a trick or a tactic aimed at attracting public attention to the product
2. Say whether the following statements are true or false 1. Companies are trying not to spent too much of their budget on advertising 2. In ancient times the most common form of advertising was by town-criers. 3. Thomas Barratt is often referred to as the father of modern advertising as he was the first to use visual images to appeal to customers. 4. Lost-and-found advertising included simple descriptions, plus prices of products. 5. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format. 6. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase. 7. Information in The Yellow Pages usually covers the whole country. 8. Usually one mistake by a celebrity advertising the product can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. 9. Subliminal messages are perceived by conscious mind. 10. Most researchers agree on the degree to which subliminal messages can affect peoples’ mind 11. Today subliminal advertising is considered a deceptive business practice and is banned
Algorithms and programming
class Main { public static void main( String args[] ) { String mesg = "Answer is "; int sum = 1 + 2; System.out.println( mesg + sum ); } } · Prints mesg + sum · Prints “mesg+sum” · Prints 3 · Prints Answer is 3 · Prints Answer is 1 + 2
String river = new String(“Columbia”); System.out.println(river.length()); What is printed? · 8 · Columbia · 6 · 7 · river
String s; int a; s = "Foolish boy."; a = s.indexOf("fool"); · -1 · random value · 0 · 4 · fool
· A loop that functions infinitely well · A loop that will never function · An incorrect loop · A loop that runs forever · A loop that never starts
· Makes a link · Starts a new line · Finishes text · Prints a backslash followed by a n · Adds 5 spaces
int A[]; int i = 0; A = new int A[4]; while (i < 4) { A[i] = 10; i = i + 1; } What is the value of A[3]? · 10 (if A = new int[4];) · 4 · 0 · 3 · Integer.MAX_VALUE
String a1, a2, a3; a1 = “45”; a2 = ”31”; a3 = a2 + a1; · “4531” · “3145” · 45 · 31 · 76
· 0 · A syntax error as this is syntactically invalid · A run-time error because this is a division by 0 · 12 · 16
x = num / 2; · 2.5 · 5.0 · a compile-time error occurs · 2 · 2.0
if (item > 5) item = item + 5; if (item < 10) item = item + 10; else if (item < 20) item = item + 10; · 15 · 25 · 0 · 5 · 10
switch (x) { case 3 : y = x + 1; case 4 : x = x + 2; y = ++x; case 5 : x = y + 3; y = x++; break; case 6 : x++; y = x; } If x is currently equal to 4, what will the value of y be after the switch statement executes? · 8 · 10 · 6 · 7 · 11
while (x < 100) x = x*2; · 100 · 128 · 2 · 64 · this is an infinite loop
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) x = x + i; · 3 · 5 · 0 · 1 · 10
· the do–while loop will continue to loop while condition in the while statement is false and the while loop will continue to loop while the condition in the while statement is true · the while loop will continue to loop while condition in the while statement is false and the do–while loop will continue to loop while the condition in the while statement is true · the while loop will always execute the body of the loop at least once · the do–while loop will always execute the body of the loop at least once · none of the above, there is absolutely no difference between the two types of loops
someInt = 3; for (k = 0; k < 3; k++) someInt = someInt * k; · 5 · 6 · 0 · 2 · 7
(i.e. is rewrite the statement using && instead of ||) ( c!='n' && z+2<=5 ) · !(c=='n' || z+2>5) · !(c=='n' || z+2<5) · !(c!='n' || z+2<=5) · !(c=='n' || z+2>=5) · !(c!='n' || z+2<=5)
Integer i = new Integer(5); Integer j = new Integer(5); if (i==j) System.out.println(“Equal”); else System.out.println(“Not equal”); · The program doesn't compile because == can't be used with references · The program doesn’t execute because i and j are not correctly initialized · Equal · Not equal · Equal Not equal
public void printloop() { int i; for (i=1; i<9; i++) if (i%2 == 0) System.out.print(i + " "); System.out.println(); } · 2 4 6 8 · 9 · 2 4 6 · 8 · 1 3 5 7
public int mystery(int n) { int m = 0; while (n > 0) { m = 10*m + n%10; n = n/10; } return m; } · .123 · .0321 · 0321 · 321 · 0
double height = 5.5; if(height-- >= 5.0) System.out.print("tall "); if(--height >= 4.0) System.out.print("average "); if(height-- >= 3.0) System.out.print("short "); else System.out.print("very short "); · short · tall · very short · average short · tall short
public void loop(int n) { for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { System.out.print(i*(i-1)/2); System.out.print(" "); } System.out.println(); } · 0 3 4 10 12 21 24 36 · 0 0 3 4 10 12 21 24 · 0 0 0 3 4 10 12 21 · 0 1 3 6 10 15 21 28 · 0 0 1 3 6 10 15 21
· partially filled array · one dimensional array · there are no such arrays · multidimensional array · bidirectional array
public int max1(int[] a) { int maxPos = 0; for (int i=1; i<a.length; i++) { if (a[i] > a[maxPos]) { . maxPos = i; } } return maxPos; } public int max2(int[] a) { int max = a[0]; for (int i=0; i<a.length; i++) { if (a[i] > max) { . max = a[i]; } } return max; } public int max3(int[] a) { for (int i=1; i<a.length; i++) { a[i] = Math.max(a[i],a[i-1]); } return a[a.length-1]; } · max1 and max2 only · max2 and max3 only · max1 and max3 only · None of them · All of them
public class MyClass{ public MyClass(){/*code*/} // more code... } To instantiate MyClass, you would write? · MyClass mc = new MyClass(); · MyClass mc = new MyClass; · It can't be done. The constructor of MyClass should be defined as public void MyClass(){/*code*/} · MyClass mc = MyClass(); · MyClass mc = MyClass;
· public void isSpeeding(double speed) · public isSpeeding() · public boolean isSpeeding(speed,SPEED_LIMIT) · public boolean isSpeeding() · public boolean isSpeeding(double speed,double SPEED_LIMIT)
public int foo(int a, String s) { s = "Yellow"; a=a+2; return a; } public void bar() { int a=3; String s = "Blue"; a = foo(a,s); System.out.println("a="+a+" s="+s); } What is printed if method bar() is called? · a=3 s=Yellow · a=5 s=Blue · a=3 s=Blue · a=5 s=Yellow · The code doesn't compile
public class MyClass{ private int value; public void setValue(int i){ /* code */ } // Other methods... } The method setValue assigns the value of i to the instance field value. What could you write for the implementation of setValue? · value == i; · both “value = i;” and “this.value = i;” are correct · value = i; · this.value = i; · All of the answers are correct
· visibility modifiers · methods · classes · instance data · constructor
· public or private, either could be used · import · new · class · public
· uses buttons, menus, and icons · uses buttons, menus, and icons for user and computer interaction · for user and computer interaction · stands for Graphic Use Interaction · all of the above
· Interior Development Environment · Interior Design Environment · Integrated Development Environment · Integrated Design Environment · Infrared Digital Environment
public class Doubler { public void doubleIt(int n) { n = 2*n; } public void doubleIt(int [] n) { n[n.length-1] = 2*n[n.length-1]; } } What happens when the class is compiled, and the following sequence of statements (which is part of a method of another class) is compiled and executed? int x = 20; int [] y = {1, 5, 10}; Doubler d = new Doubler(); d.doubleIt(x); d.doubleIt(y); System.out.println(x + " " + y[y.length-1]); · The values 40 20 will be printed to the terminal window. · The values 20 10 will be printed to the terminal window. · The values 20 2 10 20 will be printed to the terminal window. · The values 40 10 will be printed to the terminal window. · The values 20 20 will be printed to the terminal window.
Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(); r1.setColor(Color.blue); Rectangle r2 = r1; r2.setColor(Color.red); After the above piece of code is executed, what are the colors of r1and r2 (in this order)? · Color.blue and Color.red · Color.red and Color.blue · Color.blue and Color.blue · Color.red and Color.red · Not enough information
· 25 · 17 · 30 · 14 · 10
· long · double · int · real · string
· An entity that receives inputs and outputs · An output · A way of storing values · A sequence of characters enclosed by quotes · A kind of computer
· 20 · 24 · 32 · 64 · 6
· 2.0 · 2.5 · 0.25 · 0 · 2
· int · char · String · boolean · double
-4 + 1/2 + 2*-3 + 5.0 · int; -4 · double; -5.0 · int; -5 · double; -4.5 · not correct expression
· (int)(Math.random()*6)+1 · (int)(Math.random()+6) · (int)(Math.random()*6) · Math.random()*6 · ((int)Math.random())*6+1
int x = 73/5%3; · 2 · 36 · 0 · 1 · 35
public int fib(int n) { int[] a = new int[n]; a[0] = 1; a[1] = 1; for (int i=2; i<n; i++) { a[i] = a[i-1] + a[i-2]; } return a[n-1]; } · 13 · 21 · 6 · 8 · 55
· (a && !b) && (!a && b) · (a || b) && (!a || !b) · (a || b) || (!a || !b) · a || b · a && b
boolean a = true; boolean b = false; boolean c = (a || b) && !(a && b); boolean d = c || (a && b || !(a && b || (a && !b))); · false, true · false, false · true, 0 · true, true · true, false
int x = 4; int y = (int)Math.ceil(x % 5 + x / 5.0); · 4 · 3 · 1 · 6 · 5
int r = (int)(Math.floor(Math.random() * 8)) + 2; · 2 <= r <= 9 · 3 <= r <= 8 · 3 <= r <= 10 · 3 <= r <= 9 · 2 <= r <= 10
· Ability to store objects of Subclass in references of Superclass. · Technique to execute method with object’s implementation instead of reference’s. · Ability to change form of appearance. · The way to define relative and absolute position in object pool. · Ability to change form of appearance and the way to define relative and absolute position in object pool.
· Ability to connect to multiple programs and download great amount of data at same time. · Very powerful technology of programming to create programs that run fast. · Very thick string with multiple tiny threads. · Ability to execute multiple code segments simultaneously. · None of above.
· Ability to inherit multiple interfaces to provide powerful functionality of objects. · Using GUI to interact with user when some input data is needed. · Using private fields to protect data and supplying safe methods to manipulate them · Creating capsules to store data. · Separate data to small fragments, so that they easily accessed from memory.
· 1,2,2,3 · 2,3,2,2 · 1,2,3,2 · 1,3,2,2 · 1,1,1,1
· n2 · n * (n-1) / 2 · n * log(n) · n * (n+1) / 2 · n - 1
· 25 · 4 · 8 · 12 · 6
· non-regular graph · regular graph · single graph · complete graph · multi graph
· 2 · 1 · log n · n - 1 · n / 2
· n2 · n-1 · n · n+1 · none of these
· 3 · 2 · 1 · n – 2*[n/2] + 2 · n / 2
· sub graphs isomorpic to k5 or k(3,3) · sub graphs isomorpic to k3 or k(3,3) · sub graphs homomorpic to k3 or k(3,3) · a sub graph homomorpic to k3 or k(3,3) · any of these
· degree · path · walk · trial · euler
· false · true · false but not for all cases · true but not for all cases · true for some cases and false for the rest cases
· 68 · 86 · 48 · 64 · none of the above
· (3, 2, 3, 2, 2) · (1, 2, 3, 2, 3) · (2, 2, 3, 3, 4) · (0, 1, 1, 2, 0) · (0, 0, 1, 1, 2)
· 1, 7, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6 · 3, 7, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6 · 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 · 3, 7, 4, 1, 5, 2, 6 · 1, 7, 4, 3, 5, 2, 6
· Quick sort · Bubble sort · Merge sort · Insertion sort · All of the above
· Merge sort · Selection sort · Insertion sort · Quick sort · All above have the same time
· Quick sort · Insertion sort · Bubble sort · Heap sort · All of the above
· O( N log N) · O( N ^ 2 ) · O( 1 ) · O( log N ) · O( N )
· O( N ) · O( N log N) · O( 1 ) · O( log N ) · O( N ^ 2 )
· It is a comparison-based sorting algorithm · Its average case performance is O( N log N ) · It has a better worst-case runtime than that of Quick sort · It is a stable sort · It is an in-place algorithm
· 2, 3, 10, 12, 63, 70, 114 · 2, 3, 114, 10, 63, 70, 12 · 10, 70, 2, 12, 3, 63, 114 · 2, 3, 10, 12, 114, 63, 70 · 3, 2, 70, 10, 63, 12, 114
· Middle element · Median of the first, middle, and last elements · Random element · The minimum element in the partition (this causes worst-case behavior on already sorted arrays, which is a rather common use-case) · All choices are good
· Bubble sort · Selection sort · Shell sort · Merge sort · Insertion sort
I – Bubble sort II – Selection sort III – Quick sort IV – Merge sort V – Heap sort · III and IV (merge sort can be either recursive or non-recursive) · III, IV, V · I and II · III only · All of the above
· Recursion works very fast. · Call to same function too many times, results to stack overflow. · There are no disadvantages, it is cool feature. · Recurrent functions such as Fibonacci are hardly implemented. · Recursion is function that calls itself.
· Recursion has cached variables for each call instance, so it can be used like stack. · Recursion works very fast. · Recurrent functions are easily implemented and have cached variables, so they can be used like stack · Recursion is function that calls itself. · Recurrent functions such as Fibonacci is easily implemented.
· Stack of variables are stored in recursion. · Recursion is some type of cycle. · Recursive function is something because of which computers works slowly. · Recursion is solution of Fibonacci series. · Recursion is function that calls itself.
· 155 · 125 · 625 · 243 · None of above
· Create recursion with argument x that will output x, and call itself with x+1 argument, and stops when x reaches 6. · In one cycle count from 1 till 6 and output 6 times counter value. · Count till 6^10 and output each value. · Create 6 nested cycles which counts from 0 to 9 inclusive, and output six counters in a row. · None of these
· 1024 · 0 · 512 · 2048 · 10
· They work too long. · We can calculate number of operations needed to check all combinations. · There are no disadvantages. · They work very fast. · None of these
· To solve a given problem, we need to solve subproblems, then combine the solutions of the subproblems to reach an overall solution. · To solve problem by using dynamic allocation data structures. · Dynamic algorithms uses less memory that other algorithms. · Using graphs in process of solution, presenting data as list of vertexes connected by edges, represented as relation of each data unit to each other. · Creating two dimensional arrays to store data.
· Check all possible routes from top to bottom and select maximum result. · Sum all numbers and divide by number of levels in tree. · Take three maximum values and sum them. · At each node store maximum possible amount of bananas collected by the route to reach this node · Each step select largest amount and move there.
· HeapSort algorithm · Dejkstra’s algorithm · Recursive algorithms · Dynamic programming algorithms · None of them.
· Linked lists allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list and arrays don’t. · Difference depends on the application. · There is no difference. · Arrays allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list and linked list don’t. · All of these are differences
· sentinel list · null list · zero list · empty list · a sentinel list
· linked list · string · array · dynamic array · sentinel list
· depth-order · depth-first order · breadth-first order · none of above · all of the above
· three · four · five · one · two
· using the number of its vertices it has · using the number of its edges it has · using the number of its nodes it has · none of above · all of the above
· (log n) · (log 2n) · O(n) · O(log n) · O(2 log n)
· binary sort · linear sort · quick sort · bubble sort · all of the above is correct
· indexing · none of these · stacking · sorting · hashing
· pop( ) · lspop( ) · delete( ) · push( ) · remove( )
· LILO · FILO · FIFO · None of above · All of the above
· LILO · FILO · FIFO · None of above · All of the above
· O(2n) · O(log 2n) · (log 2n) · O(n) · O(log n)
· Graphs · None of these · Arrays · Binary trees · Stacks
· Heaps · Hash tables · None of these · Skip list · All of the above is correct
· Root · Leaf · First node of right sub tree · Null · First node of left sub tree
· 10 · 2 · 7 · 3 · none of the above
Date: 2015-01-02; view: 2185
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