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I. The translation of proper names

 

Translation - one of the oldest human occupations. Differences in language led people to this difficult, but much-needed work, which served and serves the purposes of communication and exchange of spiritual values ​​among peoples. The word "transfer" has many meanings, and it has two terminological values ​​that we are interested in. The first one determines the activity of thinking, the process of transferring the content, expressed in one language means a different language. The second refers to the result of this process - oral or written text. Although these concepts are different, but they are a dialectical unity, one without the other is unthinkable.

The purpose of translation is to establish relations of equivalence between the source and target texts, in other words, both texts carry the same message, despite a variety of obstacles that translators have to overcome, the best translation is the one that meets two criteria:

1). The accuracy or reliability. Characterized by how accurate translation conveys the meaning of the original text; if he does it by adding or subtracting something from the sense, strengthening or weakening any elements of meaning.

2). Transparency. We are talking about the extent to which the translation is perceived by a native speaker, not as a translation but as an original text in the translation language, the appropriate grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic language norms.

The proper name - is a noun denoting a word or phrase that is designed to name specific, it is a particular object or phenomenon that distinguishes the object or effect of a number of similar objects or phenomen. The proper name is opposed to a common name. For proper names, in particular, include: personal name - the name of the birth of man, middle - naming the father, grandfather, and so on. The name - a generic or family name, nickname, alias - individual or group, ethnonyms - the names of the nations, nations, nationalities and names of gods, nicknames animals, as well as settlement names - the names of populated places, the names of rivers, mountains, streets, squares, areas, countries, vast spaces, titles of works of art and literature, periodicals, unique man-made objects and structures, and so hereinafter.

All names have their own values of the object, that is part of their content is like a synthesis of the existence of a subject (or essence, we introduce ourselves as the subject).

Chapter of Linguistics studying proper names, history of their origin and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language, or in connection with the borrowing from other languages of communication is called onomastics or onomatology. In a narrower sense onomastika - proper names of different types (vocabulary onomastics)

 

II. The methods of translation of proper names and characteristics of the transfer of certain groups of proper names

Transliteration



Transliteration - a formal letter by letter reconstruction of the original unit using toxic alphabet target language; a literal imitation of the original form of the word. Here is the place to be enhanced transliteration, it is a representation of some combinations of characters of the source text in a special way.

Transliteration is characterized by its simplicity and the possibility of introducing additional characters. Transliteration is often used in compiling bibliographic indexes and catalogs in the organization, for example, when you have to gather in one place in the catalog description of all the works of Russian authors in foreign languages. The need for transliteration originated in the late XIX century. when creating a Prussian scientific libraries for inclusion in a common catalog of works written in languages with Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, Indian and other writing systems. Instructions transliteration, made for the needs of libraries, served in the XX century. based on standards for the translation of non-Latin writing systems to the Roman alphabet. Let us now consider the principle of transliteration. About transliteration say when the languages ​​use different graphics systems (eg, English, Russian, Greek, Armenian, Georgian), but the letters (or graphics units) of these languages ​​can be put in some sort of correspondence with each other, and according to these correspondences going interlingual transfer of proper names. Because, for example, Latin, Greek and Cyrillic alphabet have a common basis, the majority of the letters of the two alphabets can be assigned to each other in view of the sounds they represent regular basis. It is also desirable reversibility of this transformation, so that you can restore the original spelling; in practice it is not always observed.


Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1879


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