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Classification of Elements and the long periodic table
Isotops - The long periodic table - Elements of S- block are located at the left of the table, it contains two groups (1A) and (2A). - The first transition series: - The second main transition series: - The thrid main transition series: - Elements of f- block: - The Actinides series elements ( 5 f elements) have the electronic structure - Nobel gases - The Representative elements: So, the main energy level (M) is not completely filled with electrons. - The main transition elements: From the electronic structure of Scandium (a transition element), M, and N levels are not completely filled with electrons. - The inner transition elements:
Description of the long form periodic table: - In the horizontal periods: - In the vertical groups: - Ionization potential: - In the horizontal periods: - In the vertical groups: - Ionization energy increases in the case of (Be) and (Mg) elements, and other elements of (2A) group have big increase since the outer most sub-level (ns) is completely filled with 2 electrons making the atom stable.
- The atom which has one electron in the outer most level, has first ionization potential when it loses this electron, and has second ionization potential upon breaking up a completely filled level such as sodium. - The atom that has two electrons in the outermost energy level has first ionization enegy when it loses an electron and a second ionization energy when it loses the second electron and has third ionization energy when a completely filled level is breaked up such as in Magnessium. - The ionization energy is very great in the case of breaking up a completely filled level, so the first ionization energy of inert gases is very high, the same with the second ionization energy of sodium and potassium. - The electron affinity: - In the horizontal periods: - In the vertical groups: - The electron affinity of the atom increases if the added electron makes stability for the atom, and this occurs if the gained electron fill the energy sub-level. - Fluorine has electron affinity less than that of chlorine, although the atomic radius of fluorine atom is smaller than that of chlorine because the gained electron is affected by a great repulsion force with nine electrons already existed around the nucleus. - Electron affinity in noble gases = zero becaue the outer most energy level is completely filled, and this make the atom high stable. - The electronegativity: - In the horizontal periods: - In the vertical groups: - The difference in the electronegativity between elements plays a very important role in determining the nature of the bond formed between them. - Characteristics of metals: - electropositive elements - big radii - small ionization potentials - easy motion of their electrons. - Characteristics of non-metals: - electronegative elements. - Small radii - high vlaues of ionization energy and electron affinity - bad conductivity of electricity. - Metalloids: - valency shell contains 4 electrons (nearly half filled) ex: silicon (Si)14 - Germanium (Ge)32. - In the horizontal periods: - In the vertical groups: - Acids and bases are considered as hydroxy compounds, with general formula (MOH) - The oxidation no. of Hydrogen in all compounds (+1) except in its hydrides like (NaH) = (-1). - The oxidation no. of oxygen = (-2), but in - The oxidation no. of oxygen in - The oxidation no. in the element molecule = zero whatever the no. of atoms in its molecule. - The oxidation no. in the atomic group = the no. of charge on the group (ion) - Remarks on the periodic table: - The sixth period include: S-block elements, P- block elements, d- block and f- block elements. So it contains 32 element
QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 1:
I. Choose the correct answer from those between brackets: 1- The first period in the periodic table contains ........... elements. (a-2, b-8, c-18, d-32) 1- a- 2
2- The second period in the periodic table contains .............. elements 2- b- 32
3- The third period in the periodic table contains .............. elements (a-2, b-8, c-18, d-32) 3-b- 8
4- The fourth period in the periodic table contains .............. elements (a-2, b-8, c-18, d-32) 4-c- 18
5- The fifth period in the periodic table contains .............. elements (a-2, b-8, c-18, d-32) 5-c- 18
6- The sixth period in the periodic table contains .............. elements 6-d- 32
7- The s-block elements consists of .. Groups of elments (a-2, b-6, c-10, d-14) 7-a - 2
8- The p-block consists of . groups of elements. (a-2, b-6, c-8, d-5) 8-b- 6
9- The d-block conistis of . groups of elements (a-6, b-8, c-10, d-14) 9-b- 14
10- The f-block conistis of . groups of elements (a-6, b-8, c-10, d-14) 10-d- 14
11- The f- block includes . Series. (a-noble gases, b-lanthanide, c- lanthanide and actinde, d-actininde) 11- c- lanthanide and actinde
12- The oxidation number of hydrogen in 12 -b) (1-)
13- The oxidation number of Nitrogen in 13-a) (1-)
14- The oxidation number of sulpher in 14-a) (2+)
15- The oxidation number of chlorine in 15-d) (7+)
16- The oxidation number of calcium in 16-c) (2+)
17- The oxidation number of Hydrogen in LiH is .. (a: 1+, b: 1-, c: 2+, d: 2-) 17-b) (1-)
18- Titanium 18- c: d
19- The d-block elements are the elements. ( a- representive, b- main transition, c- actinides, d- lanthanides) 19- b- main transition
20- In group IA, the largest atom lies at the .. Of the group. (a-top , b- middle, c- bottom, d- upper) 20- c- bottom
21- In group 7A, the smallest atom lies at the .. Of the group. (a-top, b- middle, c-bottom- d- right side) 21- a-top
22- The atom with atomic number (17) has similar properties as that of atomic number .. (a-11, b-13, c-35, d- 36) 22- c- 35
23- Calcium oxide is .. Oxide. (a-acidic, b-basic, c-neutral, d- a mphoteric) 23- b- basic
24- The 2nd ionization energy is then the 1st ionization energy. (a- greater, b-smaller, c- equal, d- nearly equal) 24- a- greater
25- Elements whose valence shell has less than half its capacity of electrons are (a-metalloids, b-metals, c-nonmetals, d- amphoteric) 25- b- metals
26- Elments whose valence shell has more than half its capacity of electrons are . (a-metalloids, b-nonmetals, c- metals, d- amphoteric) 26- b- nonmetals
27- Sulpher dioxide is oxide (a-basic, b-acidic, c-neutral, d- amphoteric) 27- b- acidic
28- Sodium hydroxide ionzed in water and release OH- because
. c) attraction between O- and H+ is strong.
29- The strong oxygenated acid contain
c) more number of non bonded oxygen atoms with hydrogen.
II. Mark the sign ( 1- The elements of group IA have the electronic configuration 1-
2- The elements of group IIA have the electronic configuration 2-
3- The elements of group IIIA have the electronic configuration 3-
4- The elements of IVA have the electronic configuration 4-
5- The elements of group VA have the electronic configuration 5-
6- The elements of group VIA have the electronic configuration 6-
7- The elements of group VIIA have the electronic configuration 7-
8- The elements of zero group (VIII) have the electronic configuration 8-
9- The element has the electronic configuration 9-
10- In the same group, the atomic radius increases with the increase of ionization energy. 10-
11- In the same group, the atomic radius decrease with the increase of electron affinity. 11-
12- In the same group, the electronegativity increases with the increase of the atomic radius. 12-
13-The atomic radius increase across a period with the increase in atomic number. 13-
14- The electronegativity increases across a period with the decrease in atomic radius. 14-
15- The element which its atomic no. 37 is a transition element. 15-
16- The element which its atomic no. 27 is a transition element. 16-
17- Fluorine ion has the same configuration of sodium ion. 17-
18- The acidic properites of the elements across group 18-
19- The oxidation no. of 19-
20- The atomic raduis increases down a group with the increase in atomic number. 20-
21- The raduis of a cation is less than that of its atom. 21-
22- The raduis of the anion is less than that of its atom. 22-
23- Perchloric acid 23-
24- The oxidation No. of a noble gas = 0 24-
25- Orthosiliconic acid H4SiO4 is stronger than sulphuric acid H2SO4
26- Perechloric acid HClO4 is the strognest acid in the 3rd peroid in the perodic table 26-
27- Orthophoric acid H3PO4 contain four nonbinded oxygen atoms with hydrogen. 27-
28- In sodium hydroxide NaOH the attraction between Na+ and O- is weaker than that between O- and H+ 28-
29- In perochoric acid HClO4 the attraction between Cl- and O- is weaker than that between O- and H+ 29-
III. Write down the scientific concept for each. 1- The process of losing electrons resulting in an increase in the positive charge. 1- Oxidation process.
2- The process of gaining electrons resulting in an increase in the positive charge. 2- Reduction process.
3- The No. of (+ve) or (-ve) electric charge that the atom would have in the compound, be it ionic or covalent. 3- Oxidation No.
4- All their energy levels are completely filled except for the external level. 4- Representative elements.
5- All their energy levels are completely filled except for the two external levels. 5- Transition elements (d-block).
6- All their energy levels are completely filled except for the three external levels. 6- Inner transition elements (f-block).
7- All their energy levels are completely filled with electrons. 7- Noble gases.
8- Half the distance between the centres of two similar atoms in a diatomic molecule. 8- Raduis of an atom.
9- The distance between the nuclei of two covalency bonded atoms. 9- The length of a covalent bond.
10- The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an atom in its gaseous state. 10- Ionization energy.
11- The amount of energy relased when an extra electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom. 11- Electron affinity.
12- The tendency of an atom to attract the electrons of the chemical bond to itself. 12- Electronegativity.
13- The energy required to convert an atom to an ion with one positive charge. - 1st ionization energy
14- It is the energy required to convert M+ to M2+. - 2nd ionization energy.
15- Group of elements whose vallence shell generally has less than half its capcity of electrons. - Metals.
16- Group of elements form ionic compounds by gaining electrons. -Nonmetals.
17- Group of elements that has a metallic appearance and has most of the properties of nonmetals at the same time. - Metalliods.
18- Oxides react with alkalies forming salt and water. - acidic oxide (non metallic oxide)
19- Oxides react with acids forming salt and water. - Basic oxide (metal oxide)
20- Oxides react either as basic oxides or as acidic oxides. - amphoteric oxides.
21- The formula that represents the acid or base as hydroxy compounds. - MOH
IV. Differentiate between: 1- Metals and nonmetals.
2- Oxidation process and reduction process.
3- atomic raduis and ionic radius.
4- Electronegativity and electron affinity.
5- 1st. ionization energy of (Mg) and the 2nd one. 5-1st. ionization energy of Mg:
6- Basic, acidic and amphoteric oxides.
V. Calculate the oxidation No. of the element mentioned in each of the following: 1- Iron in ferricyanide ion 1-
2- Manganese in 2-
3- Sulpher in 3-
4- Nitrogen in 4-
5- Oxygen in 5-
6- Hydrogen in 6-
VI. Problem: 1- Knowing that the lenght of (Cl-Cl) equals 1.98 1- raduis of Chorine = (1.98/2) = 0.99
2- Calculate: a- raduis of Nitrogen atom = 1.4/2 = 0.7
3- Calculate the bond length of (N-O) bond; knowing that the length of the bond in 3- raduis of Hydrogen = 0.74/2 = 0.37
4- bond length (H-Cl) = raduis of 1.37
VII. Complete: 1- 1- an amphteric, acidic.
2- Metals are characterised by the ............. raduis, and the ........... value of its electron affinity. 2- relative great, small.
3- The oxidation no. of oxygen in 3- +1, 0
4- In actinide series the sublevel ........... is successively filled, and they are included in the ........... period. 4- 5f, seventh.
5- Lanthanides are ............ elements, where the sublevel .......... is successively filled. 5- 14, 4f
6- The first tranisition series includes ............... elements, the sublevel ........... is not filled. 6- 10, 3d
7- The maximum oxidation no. of an element never exceeds the No. of its .............. 7- group
8- There are groups A & B except group ............ and group .......... 8- eight, zero
9- Carbon dioxide is .......... odxide , cupper oxide is .......... oxide, and Zinc oxide is ............. oxide. 9- an acidic , basic, an amphoteric.
10- Orthosiliconic acid is . Than orthophosporic acid. - weaker
11- Lithium hydroxide is . Than sodium hydroxide. - weaker
12- The algebraic sum of the oxidation number of all atoms in a neutral compound is . - zero
13- The oxidation number of group IA elements is always . While Group IIA elements is . - (+1) , (+2)
14- Oxidiation no. of hydrogen in NH3 equal while with NaH equal - (+1) , (-1)
15- When MOH ฎ M+ + OH- so MOH is considered as .. - Base
16- The metallic character increase with the increase in the and . In groups. - atomic No. , atomic radius
17- The fluorine is considered as the higest . Character, while Caesium is considered ast the highest .. - non metallic - metallic
18- In peroids , the atomic raidus . but ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity . - decrease, increase
VIII. Give reasons for: 1- Although the oxidation No. of oxygen is always = -2, we observe some exceptions. 1- The well known oxidation no. of Oxygen is (-2) in its normal oxides, but there are 3 exceptions:
2- There are not redox changes in the following reactions: 2- In the three mentioned equations, there is no loss or gain of electron, there is no decrease or increase of the positive charge.
3- 3-
4- Metals are electrapositive elements, while nonmetals are electronegative ones. 4- Becuase metals atom tend to lose electrons and converted to (+ve) ion while non metals tend to gain electrons and converted to (-ve) ions
5- The large value of ionization energy of the noble gases. 5- Because, thier energy levels are completely filled by electrons and they are very stable elements, so there is no loosely bound electron.
6- The electron affinity in the same group decreases as the atomic no. increases. 6- As the atomic No. increases, the outer most sublevel will be far from the nucleus and the attractive force for an extra electrons will decrease.
QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 2:
SOLVE BY YOURSELF:
TEST 1 ON CH.2:
1 - The 2nd ionization energy is then the 1st ion
2 - The fourth period in the periodic table contains .
3 - In the same group, the electronegativity increase
4 - The s-block elements consists of .. Groups of e
5 - The element which its atomic no. 37 is a transitio
6 - The d-block elements are the elements
7 - In the same group, the atomic radius decrease with
8 - The fifth period in the periodic table contains ..
9 - The atom with atomic number (17) has similar prope
10 - The acidic properites of the elments across group
11 - Fluoride ion has the same configuration of sodium
12 - The element which its atomic no. 27 is a transitio
13 - The first period in the periodic table contains ..
14 - Sulpher dioxide is oxide
15 - The atomic radius increase across a period with th
16 - In the same group, the atomic radius increases wit
17 - Calcium oxide is .. Oxide
18 - The p-block consists of . groups of elements
19 - In group 7A, the smallest atom lies at the .. O
20 - The electronegativity increases across a period wi
TEST 2 ON CH.2:
Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1495
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