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From the history of computer

(Çâîðîòí³ çàéìåííèêè)

 

person singular plural  
1st myself ourselves
2nd   yourselves
3rd himself herself itself themselves
indefenite oneself

 

Indefinite Pronouns

(Íåîçíà÷åí³ çàéìåííèêè)

 

all refers to the whole group All that glitters is not gold.
every, each êîæåí
every the members have something in common Every engineer must know the properties of the materials.
each when we speak about the difference between the members Let each of us think to himself.
much, many, a lot of áàãàòî
much with uncountables Much ado about nothing.
many with countables There are many faculties in the KPI.
a lot of with uncountables and countables
little, few ìàëî, íåáàãàòî, äåê³ëüêà
little with uncountables I have a little time.
few with countables (without article means ‘ìàëî’, with the indefinite article – ‘íåáàãàòî, äåê³ëüêà’) A few books are on the table.
some, any, no and their derivatives -body, -one, -thing, -where
some   - affirmative sentences (with countables –‘äåê³ëüêà, äåÿê³’, with uncountables –‘íåáàãàòî, íåâåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü’) - interrogative sentences (when offering something or asking for definite portion of smth) - negative sentences (where ‘some’ is affirmative in the meaning) He took some money and went to the cinema. Give me some books to read Would you like to have some tea? He never writes without making some mistakes.
any   - interrogative sentences and indirect questions(with countables has the meaning ‘ÿê³-íåáóäü’ with uncountables – ‘ñê³ëüêè-íåáóäü’) - negative sentences (í³ÿêèé) - affirmative sentences (with the meaning no matter who or which ‘áóäü-ÿêèé’) Do you have any spare money? He asked me if I had any friends abroad. He didn’t ask me any questions. You may take any book you like.
no   negative forms of any (no – çàëåæíà ôîðìà, none – íåçàëåæíà ôîðìà) I have no time. I have none.

 

NOUN

(²ìåííèê)

 

Plural of the Noun

(Óòâîðåííÿ ìíîæèíè ³ìåííèê³â)

 

1. + s car – cars, dog – dogs  
2. + es bus-buses, watch – watches, box – boxes, lunch – lunches  
3. f – v + es knife - knives, thief – thieves, life – lives, shelf – shelves, wife – wives but: chief – chiefs, roof – roofs, hoof – hoofs, hooves; wharf – wharfs, wharves; scarf – scarfs, scarves  
4. y – i + es city – cities, penny – pennies, army - armies, country – countries but: day – days, toy – toys  
5. o + es hero – heroes, potato – potatoes  
6.   man – men, woman – women, mouse – mice, tooth – teeth, goose – geese, foot – feet, ox – oxen, child – children  
7. compounds   · fellow-workers, school-mates, brothers-in-law (head noun takes -s) · postman – postmen, (man – men) · but: Germans, Russians, Normans · forget-me-nots, merry-go-rounds (without noun) · handfuls, spoonfuls  
8. only plural   consist of two halves: scissors, trousers, spectacles, scales, eye-glasses, tongs end in –ing: earnings, doings, tidings, lodgings, beginnings, goings-on, etc. goods, stairs, slums, wages, outskirts, contents, clothes, eaves  
9. only singular   information, news, business, advice, work, progress, fruit, hair, mathematics, etc.  
10. identical forms · names of some animals: deer, sheep, swine · some sorts of fish: fish, trout, cod, pike, salmon · names indicating numbers(when they are preceded by a numeral): dozen, pair, couple, score; · but: they went in pairs · words: series, species · pound (money) (followed a numerical indicating shillings) two pound ten (2.10) · foot (measure of length) (followed a numerical indicating inches) five foot ten (5.10)  
foreign plurals memorandum - memoranda, datum - data, phenomenon – phenomena, formula - formulae, terminus - termini, stimulus - stimuli, nucleus – nuclei, crisis – crises, index - indices; axis – axes, thesis - theses, ellipsis – ellipses  
plural form has a new meaning   colours – 1) plural of tint, 2) flag; customs – 1) plural of habit, 2) duties; damages – compensation of injury; quarters – lodgings.  
13. double plurals brothers – sons of the mother brethren – members of community   geniuses – men of genius genii – spirits   pennies – number of coins pence – amount of coins   clothes – articles of dress cloths – kinds of cloth   indexes – tables of contents indices – in mathematics  
14. countables become uncountables We had duck for dinner. The table is made of oak. The tree was in blossom.

 



 

ADJECTIVE

 

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

(Ñòóïåí³ ïîð³âíÿííÿ ïðèêìåòíèê³â òà ïðèñë³âíèê³â)

1.Formation of Degrees of Comparison

 

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree  
adjective adjective + er the + adjective + est
(îäíî-ñêëàäîâ³)
long big small longer bigger smaller the longest the biggest the smallest
(äâî-ñêëàäîâ³)
easy narrow clever simple easier narrower cleverer simpler the easiest the narrowest the cleverest the simplest    
adjective more + adjective the most + adjective
(áàãàòî-ñêëàäîâ³)
beautiful handsome more beautiful more handsome the most beautiful the most handsome

 

2.Irregular Comparison of Adjectives (and Adverbs)

 

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree  
good well better (than) the best
bad badly worse (than) the worst
much many more (than) the most
little less (than) the least

 

3.Adjectives which have two Forms of Comparison

 

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
old older elder the oldest the eldest
late   later latter the latest the last
near   nearer the nearest the next
far farther further the farthest the furthest

 

4.as ... as, (òàêèé … ÿê)

 

This room is as large as that one.
These flowers are as beautiful as mine.

 

5.not so ... as (íå òàêèé … ÿê)

 

Odessa is not so big as Kyiv.

 

6. the more…, the better… ÷èì …, òèì

The longer he studied, the more he liked his future speciality.


NUMERAL

  cardinal ordinal   cardinal ordinal   cardinal ordinal
one first eleven eleventh ten tenth
two second twelve twelfth twenty twentieth
three third thirteen thirteenth thirty thirtieth
four fourth fourteen fourteenth forty fortieth
five fifth fifteen fifteenth fifty fiftieth
six sixth sixteen sixteenth sixty sixtieth
seven seventh seventeen seventeenth seventy seventieth
eight eighth eighteen eighteenth eighty eightieth
nine ninth nineteen nineteenth ninety ninetieth

 

hundred two hundred_ but: hundreds of students
1,000 thousand 2,000 two thousand_ but: thousands of fighters
1,000,000 million 2000,000 two million_ but: millions of protesters
1,000,000,000 billion      
         

 

three hundred and twenty five
five hundred and seven
225,000 two hundred and twenty five thousand

 

Fractional Numerals

(

1/2 a half
1/3 a third, one third
1/4 a quarter, one quarter; a fourth, one fourth
1/10 a tenth, one tenth
1/100 a (one) hundredth
3/4 three quarters, three fourths
1/1234 a (one) thousand two hundred and thirty fourth

 

 

o[ou], nought [no:t], zero [ziərou]
0.1 o point one, zero point one, point one, nought point one
0.01 o point o one, zero point zero one, point zero one
0.25 point two five, nought point two five,
2.35 two point three five
0.001 o point o o one, zero point zero zero one,

 

VERB

 

TENSES (

Simple Present   V (Vs) never, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often, as a rule, usually, always, every day (week …)   I live in Kyiv. I go to the University every day. I speak English. The water boils at 100º C. If he comes he will help us.  
Past II (Ved) yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year (month …), two weeks ago, in 1998 when I was young I lived in Kyiv two years ago. He went to school five days a week last year. She spoke English very well at the age of ten. I visited my friend yesterday.  
Future will +V tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month …), in a week, in 2030 I will live in Kyiv next three years. He will go to the University every day next year. She will speak English very well in a month. I will visit my friend tomorrow.  
 
Continuous Present   am, is, are + V-ing   now, right now, at the moment   I am working on my graduation thesis, so I can’t go out with you.
Past was, were + V-ing   at 3 o’clock yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, the whole day yesterday, when he came back (past)   I was working on my graduation thesis the whole day yesterday.
Future will be + V-ing at 3 o’clock tomorrow, from 5 till 7 tomorrow, the whole day tomorrow, when he comes back (fut)   I will be working on my graduation thesis the whole day tomorrow.
 
Perfect Present   have, has +III (V-ed) just, ever, never, already, yet, since, for, this year, recently, lately, I have just seen him. Have you ever been abroad? I have never been abroad. Has he passed his exam yet? He has already passed his exam.  
Past had + III (V-ed) before another action in the past by 7 o’clock yesterday,   Before he came we had already finished with the testing. As soon as I had passed my driving test I bought a car.
Future will have + III (V-ed) by 7 o’clock tomorrow, by the end of the month, by the time she comes   I will have done this by the end of the month.
 
Perfect Continuous Present   have, has +been V-ing since, for activity in progress which began in the past and is still continuing now   I have been working since nine o’clock this morning. He has been waiting for two hours.
Past had + been V-ing activity in progress till the moment when smth happened in the past   We had been working for two hours when our friend joined us.
Future will have + been V-ing activity in progress till the moment when smth happens in future We will have been working in the laboratory for a few hours when you arrive.

PASSIVE VOICE

 

be + 3rd form of the verb

 

Simple Present     am is are     + III (V-ed) never, seldom, rarely, sometimes, often, as a rule, usually, always, every day (week …) I am asked at every lesson. The text is usually translated in written form.
Past   was   were     + III (V-ed) yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year (month …), two weeks ago, when I was young in 1998 I was invited to the party yesterday. The work was done last week.
Future     will be     + III (V-ed) tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week (month …), in a week, in 2008 I will be invited to the conference tomorrow. The letters will be sent in two days.  
 
Continuous Present   am is +being are     +III (V-ed) now, right now, at the moment   He is being examined now. The letter is being typed at the moment.
Past   was +being were   +III (V-ed) at 3 o’clock yesterday, from 5 till 7 yesterday, the whole day yesterday, when he came back The experiment was being carried on at this time yesterday.
Future ---     --- --- ---
 
Perfect Present       have +been has     +III (V-ed) just, ever, never, already, yet, since, for, this year, recently, lately, 1. I have just been examined. 2. These machines have never been produced at this plant. 3. A lot of new houses have been built recently.  
Past     had +been     +III (V-ed) before another action in the past by 7 o’clock yesterday, after   Before he came the work had already been finished. The specimen had been tested by 5 o’clock yesterday.
Future   will have +been   +III (V-ed) by 7 o’clock tomorrow, by the end of the month, by the time she comes   The tests will have been done by the end of the month.

 

MODAL VERBS

 

  Modal Verb Examples
ability can (could)   to be able to I can speak English. She could swim when she was 14. She is (was/ will be) able to do it without our help.
permission may (might)   to be allowed to May I come in? We might take any book we liked. They are (were/ will be) allowed to use these tools.
obligation, duty must I must work hard to become a good specialist.  
obligation from outside to have to Pupils have to wear a uniform.
advice, mild obligation should You should read this book.  
advice, mild obligation ought to You ought to be more attentive.  
obligation, compulsion asking for instruction shall You shall do it immediately. Where shall I put these books? What shall I do?  
to be to He is to come at 5.
prohibition must not íå ìîæíà You must not smoke here.
necessity need must have to The TV needs repairing. We must/have to leave now or we’ll miss the plane.
lack of necessity needn’t don’t need /don’t have to You needn’t write down your translation, you may do it orally. She doesn’t need/doesn’t have to work as her husband has a well-paid job.
criticism could might perfect should infinitive ought to You could have done it. (But you didn’t do it.) You might have phoned. (But you didn’t phone.) You should have written the exercise. (But you didn’t write exercise.) You ought to have warned her. (But you didn’t warn her.)
probability can't íå ìîæëèâî could may ìîæëèâî might must íàïåâíî He can’t be wrong. (I’m sure he is not wrong.) He could/may/might be wrong. (Perhaps he is wrong.) He must be wrong. (I’m sure he is wrong.)

 

 

Sequence of Tenses

îäíî÷àñíà ä³ÿ   Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous He lives in Kyiv.     Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous He said he lived in Kyiv.
ïîïåðåäíÿ ä³ÿ   Present Perfect Past Simple He saw this film yesterday.     Past Perfect He said he had seen this film.  
ïîäàëüøà ä³ÿ   Future He will make a report.   Future in the Past He promised he would make a report.

 

TYPES of SENTENCES

 

Compound sentences   and, but, both … and, neither … nor, however, yet, still, so, English life is full of the traditions, and the English like traditions.  
Complex Sentences
Subject clauses (ï³äìåòîâå ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ) - ñïîëó÷íèêè: that, if, whether - ñïîëó÷íèêîâ³ ñëîâà: who, whose, which, where, when, how, why   That he is one of the best students is a well-known fact.
Predicative clauses (ïðèñóäêîâå ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ) - ñïîëó÷íèêè: that, if, whether - ñïîëó÷íèêîâ³ ñëîâà: who, whose, which, where, when, how, why This is what I have learnt at the University.
Object clauses (äîäàòêîâå ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ) - ñïîëó÷íèêè: that, if, whether - ñïîëó÷íèêîâ³ ñëîâà: who, whose, which, where, when, how, why - áåç ñïîëó÷íèê³â I didn’t know (that) he lived in our city.
Attributive clauses (îçíà÷àëüíå ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ) - çàéìåííèêè òà ïðèñë³âíèêè: who, whom, whose, what, which, that, where, when, why - áåç ñïîëó÷íèê³â The house (which) we live in is a new one.
Adverbial clauses of time (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ÷àñó) ñïîëó÷íèêè when, while, before, after, as soon as, till, since, etc. Whenever I come to him, he is always reading.
Adverbial clauses of place (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ì³ñöÿ) ñïîëó÷íèêè where, wherever   He went where he had been sent to.
Adverbial clauses of manner and comparison (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ñïîñîáó 䳿 ³ ïîð³âíÿííÿ) ñïîëó÷íèêè as if, as though   He walked hastily, as if he was in a great hurry.
Adverbial clauses of cause (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ïðè÷èíè) ñïîëó÷íèêè as, because, since   I was absent last time because I was ill.
Adverbial clauses of result (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ íàñë³äêó) ñïîëó÷íèêè so … that, so that The book was so interesting that I read it the whole night.  
Adverbial clauses of purpose (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ìåòè) ñïîëó÷íèêè that, , in order to, so that, lest Write down my phone number, lest you should forget it.  
Adverbial clauses of concession (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ ïîñòóïêè) ñïîëó÷íèêè though, however, whoever, whatever, whichever   Although the translation was rather difficult, the students made it well.
Adverbial clauses of condition (ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ óìîâè) ñïîëó÷íèêè if, provided that, unless, in case (that), etc.

 

 

Conditionals

APPENDIX 2

SUFFIXES and PREFFIXES

 

Noun Suffixes

 

Suffix Meaning Examples
-ance -ence -er, -or   -ation, -tion -ist, -yst -ness -ion -ing -ment -ity -ian -ism -dom -ship state quality of a person who/a thing which   the act of a person who condition of action/state activity state, action state, quality pertaining to condition/state domain/condition condition/state performance independence programmer, operator accumulator execution physicist, analyst, typist cleanliness conversion speaking, testing measurement electricity electrician, mathematician magnetism freedom relationship, friendship

 

Verb Suffixes

 

Suffix Meaning Examples
-ize- -ate, -ute -fy -en   to make computerize automate, activate, contribute simplify harden, widen

 

 

Adjective Suffixes

 

Suffix Meaning Examples
-al, -ar , -k, -ical   -able, -ible -ous, -ious -ful -less -ish -ed/-ive -ing have the quality of   capable of being like, full of characterized by without like having quality of to make or do computational, logical, circular, magnetic, automatic comparable, divisible dangerous, religious helpful careless reddish computed, punched, interactive programming, coding, processing

 

Adverb Suffixes

 

Suffix Meaning Examples
-ly in the manner of logically, comparably, helpfully
-wards in the direction of downwards, forwards

 

Negative and positive prefixes

 

  Prefix Meaning Examples
negative un- in- im-, il- ir-   non-   mis- dis-   anti- de-   under-   re- over-   not, not good enough   not connected with   bad, wrong opposite feeling opposite action against reduce, reverse   too little   do again too much unmagnetized, unpunched incomplete impossible, illegal, irregular, irrelevant   non-programmable non-impact   mispronounce disagree disconnect antisocial demagnetize, decode   underestimate   reorganize overheat
positive  

 

Prefixes of size

 

Prefix Meaning Examples
semi- equl- maxi- micro- mini- macro- mega- half, partly equal big small little large large semiconductor equidistant maxicomputer microcomputer minicomputer macroeconomics megabyte

 

Prefixes of time and order

 

Prefix Meaning Examples
ante- pre-   prime- post- retro- before     first after backward antelocation prefix   primitive postdated retroactive

 

Prefixes of location

 

Prefix Meaning Examples
inter- super- trans- ex- extra- sub- infra- peri- between, among over across out beyond under below around interface, interactive supersonic transmit, transfer exclude, extrinsic extraordinary subschema infra-red peripheral

 

Prefixes of number

 

Prefix Meaning Examples
semi- mono- bi- tri- quad- penta- hex- septem- oct- dec- multi- half one two three four five six seven eight ten many semicircle monochromatic binary triangle quadruple pentagon hexadecimal septuagenarian octal decimal multiprogramming

 

 

From the history of computer

1.1 Read and memorize the words

- significant

- amazing

- achievement

- to count

- to create

- to design

- to construct

- inventor

- capability

- to penetrate

- society

- to increase

 

1.2 Read and translate the text

The educated man of 200 years ago did not need to know anything about science. The educated man of 25 — 30 years ago did not need to know anything about computers. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant knowledge about computers.

The computer is no doubt the most amazing achieve­ment of mankind. It is a date storage system created by man. A human tells the machine what to do, when to do it and how it should be done.

The word computer comes from a Latin word which means to count.

In 1833 an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage, professor of Cambridge University designed the first computer. The mathematical programme for his ma­chine had been composed by Lord Byron's daughter.

The first programmer computer which operated success­fully was built in 1939 by H. H. Aiken, professor of Harward University.

In our country the first electronic digital computer MACM was constructed by the Ukrainian Academician S. O. Lebedev in 1950.

Such computers as BESM, Minsk, Ural, Razdan-3, M-20, M-220, Nairi-3, Strela, Dniepr were created in our country.

Nowadays computers greatly increase man's thinking capabilities of planning, analyzing, computing and con trolling. Hundreds of computers are already in daily use. They penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern so­ciety.

 

1.3 Answer the questions

- What does the educated man of today needs to know?

- Is computer the most amazing achievements of mankind?

- What does the word “computer” mean?

- Who designed the first computer?

- When was the first electronic digital computer constructed in Ukraine?

 

1.4 Read and translate the international words

System, machine, computer, mathematician, professor, programme, electronic, academician, planning, analyzing, controlling, sphere.

 

1.5 Agree or disagree with the statements

- Our life is impossible without modern inventions

- Computers have changed the way of our life

- Computer makes our life easier and more comfortable

- We can get all the information we need only through the computers

- Computers can do many things we do, but slower and worse. Everything should be in measure

 

1.6 Conversation

- Do you have a computer at home?(or Does your friend have)

- What company is you computer produced by?

- Who taught you to use a computer?

- Do you use computer when you do your homework?

- Have you ever studied English using your computer?

 

1.7 Fill in the gasps using the necessary words:

tubes to create tonnes
minute university electronics
event machines difficult
transistor use power

Early computers were very big and (1)________ to use and only a few people understood them. It weighed about 3 (2)______ and it was nearly 2 meters tall and 3 meters wide. Those (3)______ costed millions of dollars and only few big companies had them. It is still in the Seience Museum today.

The rapidly advancing field of (4)_______ led to construction of the first general - purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the (5)_______ of Pennsylvania. It was ENIAC, computers contained 18000 vacuum (6)______ and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per (7)______.

Later (8)_______ appeared. The (9)______ of the transistor in computers began In the late 1950s. It marked the (10)______ of smaller, faster elements than it was possible to (11)_______ with the use of vacuum - tube machines.

 

1.8 Dramatize the dialogue. And say what have you learned from it.

- Today I’ve learned very intresting information.

+ What is it?

- It is the science of museum.

+ Really? Where is it? I have never heard about it?

- It is in Great Britain. I saw it on TV.

+ And what is it famous for?

- The first computer invented by Charles Babbage in 1833 is still in the museum. It is Very big. It occupies the whole room. It was necessary to use a ladder in order to operate it. Do you know the size of the first computer?

+ I do not remember exactly but I know that it was hyge.

- Surely. It was 2 metres tall and 3 metres wide.

+ Oh, it is really intresting. Nothing in common with modern computer.

 

 

Exercise 11. Arrange the following words in alphabetic order.

 

Calculations, human being, count, abacus, divide, multiply, vacuum tube, slide rule, digital computer, transistor, moving stones, numbers, industrial age, washing machine.

 

 

Exercise 12. Divide the following words into two groups: nouns and verbs. Translate them.

 

Communicate, communication, calculate, calculation, travel, invent, invention, number, count, imagine, imagination, machine, device, generation, mathematician, produce, production.

 

 


Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1148


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