Economics

Strategic resources are not visible at the start of the game: they require knowledge of a particular technology before they appear on a map. Horses, for example, do not appear until you have researched Animal Husbandry, and Iron doesn't show up until you learn Iron Working.

Strategic resources allow you to build certain units and buildings. When you construct an improvement on a strategic resource hex, it provides you a limited number of those resources, and these are allocated when you construct the associated units or buildings. You can trade strategic resources with other civilizations. The number of available strategic resources is displayed on the top bar of the main screen. Resources allocated to a unit are returned to the available pool if that unit is destroyed or disbanded.

Horses

Technology: Animal Husbandry; Improvement: Pasture
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Grassland, Plains, Tundra
Allows: Chariot Archer, Horseman, Knight, Lancer, Cavalry, Companion Cavalry, Cossack, Sipahi, Camel Archer, Mandekalu Cavalry.
Notes: The number of horses seen in a pasture varies from 2 to 4, and this number directly relates to how many resource points that resource provides. We can see in the cursor-rollover tooltips that pastures with 2 horses provide 2 points, and those with 4 horses provide 4 points.

Iron

Technology: Iron Working; Improvement: Mine
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Grassland, Plains, Desert, Tundra, Snow or Hills
Allows: Ballista, Catapult, Mohawk Warrior, Swordsman, Longswordsman, Samurai, Trebuchet, Frigate, Ship of the Line, Forge.
Notes: Like Horses, Iron occurs in deposits of different sizes, ranging from 2-6 points, and vary in visual size accordingly.

Coal

Technology: Scientific Theory; Improvement: Mine
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Grassland, Plains, Hills
Allows: Ironclad, Factory
Notes: Coal is useful mainly for building Factories.

Oil

Technology: Biology; Improvement: Oil Well or Offshore Platform
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Marsh, Jungle, Desert, Tundra, Snow, Ocean
Allows: Destroyer, Tank, Fighter, Battleship, Submarine, Carrier, Panzer, Zero, B-17, Bomber

Aluminum

Technology: Electricity; Improvement: Mine
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Plain, Desert, Tundra, Hills
Allows: Jet Fighter, Rocket Artillery, Modern Armor, Helicopter Gunship, Missile Cruiser, Mobile SAM, Hydro Plant, Spaceship Factory

Uranium

Technology: Atomic Theory; Improvement: Mine
Bonus: +1 Hammer
Found on: Forest, Jungle, Marsh, Grassland, Plains, Desert, Tundra, Snow, Hills
Allows: Atomic Bomb, Nuclear Missile, Nuclear Plant, Giant Death Robot

Task#2

SIW

1 Marginal utility is an important economic concept because economists use it to determine how much of an item a consumer will buy. Positive marginal utility is when the consumption of an additional item increases the total utility. Negative marginal utility is when the consumption of an additional item decreases the total utility.

3 In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Cardinal utility is mostly considered to be an outdated idea. Only within specific contexts such as decision making under risk, utilitarian welfare evaluations, and discounted utilities for intertemporal evaluations, is cardinal utility usually accepted. Elsewhere, such as in general consumer theory, ordinal utility is preferred.

Ordinal utility theory states that while the utility of a particular good or service cannot be measured using a numerical scale bearing economic meaning in and of itself, pairs of alternative bundles (combinations) of goods can be ordered such that one is considered by an individual to be worse than, equal to, or better than the other. This contrasts withcardinal utility theory, which generally treats utility as something whose numerical value is meaningful in its own right. The concept has been introduced first by Pareto in 1906

Economics

•Economics is the study of how scarce, or limited, resources are used to satisfy people’s unlimited wants and needs. In other words, economics is concerned with how people make decisions in a world of scarcity.

Scarcity

•Without scarcity there would be no reason to study economics. Scarcity means that there are not enough, nor can there ever be enough, goods and services to satisfy the wants and needs of all individuals, families, and societies.

•Since it is impossible to satisfy all of the wants and needs of individuals, businesses, nonprofits, government units, and societies, decisions must be made about what to satisfy and how to use limited resources. Anytime we make a choice, there are tradeoffs(giving up one thing for something else) and consequences. Decisions usually involve a value judgment, which is the relative importance that a person assigns to an action or alternative. 00:00:26

2. Economic theory and policy

•As households, businesses and governments go about conducting their economic affairs, it is helpful to have an understanding of some basic economic cause-and-effect relationships.

•An Economic theory is a formal explanation of the relationship between economic variables.

•Economic theory – is a systematically organized knowlegde applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances: especially, a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.

•In order to obtain a valid and predictable relationship between economic variables, theories are explored within the framework of a model (the setting within which an economic theory is presented). This model framework includes several elements:

•Variables to be explored,

•Assumptions concerning the model,

•Data collection and analysis,

•Conclusions

Economic policy

•An economic policy sets a guide for a course of action. Usually an economic policy is created to address an economic problem or change an economic condition. A legislated tax decrease to speed up the economy, mandatory clean air measures, and restrictions on imports of foreign-produced food are all examples of economic policies.

Date: 2014-12-21; view: 954