MATHEMATICS — THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE

Human language is capable of precise statements because it is a system of symbols. But common language is a product of social development, customs and traditions, and even by the most careful choice of words the meaning concealed in them may influence our reasoning. Algebra, the language of mathematics, consists mostly of signs and symbols and is carefully and purposefully designed. It is precise, concise and universal, i. e. one and the same throughout the civilised world, though the people in each country translate it into their own spoken language.

Algebra in the broad sense of the term deals with operations upon symbolic forms. In this capacity it not only permeates all of mathematics, but pervades practically all sciences including formal logic, philosophy, and even linguistics, poetry and music. In our scientific age there is a general belief that all science as it grows to perfection becomes mathematical in its ideas.

It is generally true that algebra in its development has passed successively through three stages: verbal, abbreviated and symbolic. Verbal algebra is characterised by the complete absence of any symbols, except, of course, that the words themselves are used in their symbolic sense. To this day verbal algebra is used in such a statement as "the sum is independent of the order of the terms", which in symbols is designated by a + b = b + a.

Abbreviated algebra, of which the Egyptian is a typical example, is a further development of verbal one. Certain words of frequent use are gradually abbreviated. The history of the symbols " + " and "—" may illustrate the point. In medieval Europe the latter was denoted by the full word "minus", then by the first letter "m" duly superscribed. Eventually the letter itself was dropped, leaving the superscript only. The sign "plus" has passed through a similar metamorphosis. The abbreviation has become a symbol.

The turning point in the history of algebra was an essay written late in the sixteenth century by a Frenchman, Viete, who denoted the unknown magnitudes by vowels. The given magnitudes were designated by consonants.

Within half a century of Viete's death there appeared Descartes' Geometry. In it the first letters of the alphabet were used for given quantities, the last for those unknown. The Cartesian notation not only displaced the Vie tan one, but has survived to this day.

Symbols permit of concise, clear representation of ideas which are sometimes quite complex. Consider, for example, how much is involved in the calculus symbol "Dy". Once we have grasped the meaning and use of a symbol there is no need to think through the origin and development of the idea symbolised, each time it is used. One of the chief reasons that mathematics is so effective in problems that are insoluble by other methods lies in the fact that it has a powerful technique based upon the use of symbols. It is convenient because the literal notation is free from all ambiguities of words. The letter is susceptible of operations and this enables one to transform literal expressions and thus to paraphrase any statement into a number of equivalent forms. It is this power of transformation that lifts algebra above the level of convenient shorthand.

Symbolic language is one of the basic characteristics of modern mathematics. And modern mathematics supplies a language for the treatment of the qualitative problems of the physical and social sciences. Much of this language takes the form of mathematical symbols.

2.Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

точне формулювання, впливати, складатися зі знаків, чіткий, стислий, науковий вік, удосконалюватися, абревіатура, словесна алгебра, символ рахування, головна причина, двозначність слова, обробка, якісний перехід.

3.Make up questions to the following answers:

Model: Human language is a system of symbols. (What ...)

What is human language?

1. Yes, it does. Algebra, the language of mathematics, consists of signs and symbols. (Does …)

2. Algebra is precise, concise and universal. (What …)

3. Algebra in its development has passed through three stages: verbal, abbreviated and symbolic. (How many …)

4. Yes, it is. Verbal algebra is characterized by the complete absence of any symbols. (Is …)

5. In medieval Europe the symbol “-” was denoted by the full word “minus”. (How …)

6. The turning point in the history of algebra was written in the sixteenth century by a Frenchman Viete. (When …)

7. Yes, they do. Symbols permit of concise, clear representations of ideas. (Do …)

8. Mathematics is so effective in problems, because it has a powerful technique, based upon the use of symbols. (Why …)

9. Mathematics is convenient, because the literal notation is free from all ambiguities of words. (Why …)

4.Make up word combinations from the following words:

5.Answer the following questions:

1. What does algebra consist of?

2. What is a general belief in our scientific age?

3. What is the turning point in the history of algebra?

4. How many stages have algebra passed in its development? What are they?

5. What is one of the basic characteristics of modern mathematics?

Section 3

1. Read and translate the following text:

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 2331