Everplaced after who, what, where, why, when, how

Where ever have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere! Who ever told you I'd lend you the money? I've no money at all!

everhere is not necessary in the sentence but is added to emphasize

the speaker's surprise/astonishment/anger/irritation/dismay. It has the

same meaning as on earth/in the world.

Such sentences are always spoken emphatically and the intonation will

convey the speaker's emotion:

Why ever did you wash it in boiling water? (dismay) Who ever are you? (The other person is presumably an intruder.) Who ever left the door open? (What stupid person left it open?) Where ever have you put my briefcase? (I can't find it anywhere.) What ever are you doing in my car? (astonishment/annoyance) When ever did you leave home? (You must have left very early.) How ever did he escape unhurt? (The car was a complete wreck.)

Note also why ever not?and what ever for?:

You mustn't wear anything green. ~ Why ever not? (I can't understand the reason for this prohibition.) Bring a knife to class tomorrow. ~ What ever for? (I can't understand what I need a knife for.)

(For whoever, whateveretc. written as one word, see 85.)

7 Possessives, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myselfetc.

62 Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Note that no apostrophes are used here. Students should guard against the common mistake of writing the possessive its with an apostrophe. it's (with an apostrophe) means it is.

The old form of the second person singular can be found in some bibles and pre-twentieth century poetry:

thy thine one'sis the possessive adjective of the pronoun one.

63 Agreement and use of possessive adjectives

A Possessive adjectives in English refer to the possessor and not to the thing possessed. Everything that a man or boy possesses is histhing; everything that a woman or girl possesses is herthing:

Tom's father is his father but

Mary's father is her father. Everything that an animal or thing possesses is its thing:

A tree drops its leaves in autumn.

A happy dog wags its tail.

But if the sex of the animal is known, his/herwould often be used. If there is more than one possessor, theiris used:

The girls are with their brother.

Trees drop their leaves in autumn.

Note that the possessive adjective remains the same whether the thing possessed is singular or plural:

my glove, my gloves his foot, his feet

B Possessive adjectives are used with clothes and parts of the body:

She changed her shoes. He injured his back. (But see also 7 A6.)

C To add emphasis, owncan be placed after my, your, hisetc. and after one's:

my own room her own idea owncan be an adjective, as above, or a pronoun:

a room of one's own Note the expression:

I'm on my own = I'm alone.

64 Possessive pronouns replacing possessive adjectives + nouns

A This is our room or This (room) is ours.

This is their car. That car is theirs too. You 've got my pen. You 're using mine. Where's yours?

B The expression of mineetc. means 'one of my' etc.: a friend of mine = one of my friends a sister of hers = one of her sisters

65 Personal pronouns

A Form

The old form of the second person singular is: thou (subject) thee (object)

B Use of subject and object forms

1 you and itpresent no difficulty as they have the same form for subject and object:

Did you see the snake? ~ Yes, I saw it and it saw me. ~ Did it frighten you?

2 First and third person forms (other than it)

(a) I, he, she, we, theycan be subjects of a verb:

/ see it. He knows you. They live here. or complements of the verb to be:It is I.

Normally, however, we use the object forms here:

Who is it? ~ It's me.

Where's Tom? ~ That's him over there. But if the pronoun is followed by a clause, we use the subject forms:

Blame Bill! It was he who chose this colour. (b) me, him, her, us, themcan be direct objects of a verb:

/ saw her. Tom likes them. or indirect objects:

Bill found me a job. Ann gave him a book. (See 66.) or objects of a preposition:

with him for her without them to us

66 The position of pronoun objects

A An indirect object comes before a direct object:

/ made Ann/her a cake. I sent Bill the photos. However, if the direct object is a personal pronoun it is more usual to place it directly after the verb and use to or for:

/ made it for her. I sent them to him. (See 88.) The position rule does not apply to one, some, any, none etc.:

He bought one for Ann or He bought Ann one.

He gave something to Jack or He gave Jack something.

B Pronoun objects of phrasal verbs

With many phrasal verbs a noun object can be either in the middle or at the end:

Hand your papers in/Hand in your papers.

Hang your coat up/Hang up your coat.

Take your shoes off/Take off your shoes. A pronoun object, however, must be placed in the middle:

hand them in hang it up take them off (See chapter 38.)

67 Uses of it

A it is normally used of a thing or an animal whose sex we don't know, and sometimes of a baby or small child: Where's my map? I left it on the table. Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs 2 kilos.

B it can be used of people in sentences such as: ANN (on phone): Who is that/Who is it? BILL: It's me. Is that Tom over there? ~ No, it's Peter.

C it is used in expressions of time, distance, weather, temperature, tide:

What time is it? ~ It is six.

What's the date? ~ It's the third of March.

How far is it to York.'' ~ It is 400 kilometres.

How long does it take to get there? ~ It depends on how you go.

It is raining/snowing/freezing. It's frosty. It's a fine night.

It's full moon tonight. In winter it's/it is dark at six o 'clock.

It is hot/cold/quid/noisy in this room.

It's high tide/low tide. Note also:

It's/It is three years since I saw him =

I haven't seen him for three years. (See 188.) (For itis time+ subject + past tense, see also 293.)

D Introductory it

1 it can introduce sentences of the following type ('cleft sentences'):

It was \Peter who lent us the money, (not Paul)

It's 'today that he's going, (not tomorrow) it is used even with a plural noun:

It's ^pilots that we need, not ground staff. (See also 76.)

2 When an infinitive is subject of a sentence, we usually begin the sentence with it and put the infinitive later; i.e. we say:

It is easy to criticize instead of

To criticize is easy.

It is better to be early instead of

To be early is better.

It seems a pity to give up now instead of

To give up now seems a pity.

If it + be is preceded by find/think (that), the beand the thatcan often by omitted:

He thought (that) it (would be) better to say nothing.

We found it impossible to get visas.

3 it can be used similarly when the subject of a sentence is a clause. It would be possible to say:

That he hasn 't phoned is odd.

That prices will go up is certain. But it would be much more usual to say:

It's odd that he hasn't phoned.

It's certain that prices will go up. Other examples:

It never occurred to me that perhaps he was lying.

It struck me that everyone was unusually silent.

E it/thiscan represent a previously mentioned phrase, clause or verb: He smokes in bed, though I don't like it. (it = his smoking in bed) He suggested flying, but I thought it would cost too much, (it = flying)

F it also acts as a subject for impersonal verbs:

it seems it appears it looks it happens

68 you one and theyas indefinite pronouns

A you and one

As subjects, either can be used:

Can you/one camp in the forest? As objects, youis the normal pronoun:

They fine you for parking offences.

you is more common in ordinary conversation. It is a more 'friendly' pronoun and implies that the speaker can imagine himself in such a position.

oneis more impersonal and less often used, though the possessive one'sis quite common:

It's easy to lose one's/your way in Venice. The correct possessive form must be used:

One has to show one's pass at the door.

You have to show your pass at the door.

If instead of oneor youwe use a singular noun, the possessive adjective will obviously be his or her:

One must do one's best.

A traveller has to guard his possessions.

B they

theyis used as subject only, theycan mean 'people':

they say = people say, it is said

They say it is going to be a cold winter.

theycan also mean 'the authority concerned', i.e. the government/ the local council/one's employers/the police etc.:

They want to make this a one-way street.

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 948