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The Sign of Four 2 pageFreytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue............................................................................................. 70 Weiss v. United States........................................................................................................................................ 70 Edmond v. United States.................................................................................................................................. 70 Justice Scalia’s Bowsher and Mistretta dissents................................................................................................. 70 Congressional control of administrative agencies after Chadha and Bowsher........................................... 71 Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.......................................................................................................... 71 Non delegation doctrine and “quasi-constitutional” statutes................................................................................. 72 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 72 Non-delegation doctrine......................................................................................................................................... 72 Non-delegation and National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA)....................................................... 72 Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan......................................................................................................................... 72 Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States....................................................................................................... 72 Demise of non-delegation doctrine....................................................................................................................... 73 Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally....................................................................................................... 73 Touby v. United States...................................................................................................................................... 73 Loving v. United States..................................................................................................................................... 73 Arguments in favor of reviving non-delegation doctrine.................................................................................. 73 D. Schoenbrod..................................................................................................................................................... 73 Industrial Union v. American Petroleum Institute – Rehnquist dissent.................................................... 73 Ely (Democracy and Distrust).......................................................................................................................... 74 Stewart – against non delegation doctrine..................................................................................................... 74 Lowi’s assessment of the “new” Constitution............................................................................................... 74 Structural statutes.................................................................................................................................................... 75 Executive authority – foreign.......................................................................................................................................... 76 Control of foreign affairs............................................................................................................................................. 76 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. – Foreign arms sales embargo............................................................ 76 Text, history, and presidential power.............................................................................................................. 76 Functionalism and the autonomy of constitutional interpretation........................................................... 76 Allocation of war making authority..................................................................................................................... 77 Approaches toward reconciling these provisions.......................................................................................... 77 Prize Cases - President’s power to use armed forces.................................................................................... 78 Orlando v. Laird – Vietnam non-justiciable................................................................................................. 78 Dellums v. Bush – The Persian Gulf War....................................................................................................... 78 UN “peacekeeping” or “peace enforcement”............................................................................................... 78 Legislative authority - foreign......................................................................................................................................... 79 The War Powers Resolution................................................................................................................................... 79 War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.................................................................................................... 79 The War Powers Resolution is constitutional................................................................................................ 79 Practice under the Resolution........................................................................................................................... 79 The Constitution without courts – War Powers and Boland............................................................................ 80 Other separation of powers premises............................................................................................................................. 80 Treaties...................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Executive Agreements............................................................................................................................................ 80 Dames & Moore v. Regan - Constitutional limits on scope of executive agreements........................... 80 United States v. Belmont.................................................................................................................................. 80 Congressional-executive agreements................................................................................................................... 81 Impoundment.......................................................................................................................................................... 81 Line item vetoes....................................................................................................................................................... 82 Unfunded mandates............................................................................................................................................... 82 New York v. United States – No unfunded mandates – 10th Amendment.............................................. 82 Unfunded Mandate Reform Act of 1995...................................................................................................... 82 Contract with America...................................................................................................................................... 82 Constitutional amendment to balance the budget............................................................................................ 82 Morrison v. Olson – Special prosecutor laws............................................................................................................ 83 Mistretta v. United States – U.S. Sentencing Commission.................................................................................... 84 Final thoughts on separation of powers.................................................................................................................... 85 Individual rights................................................................................................................................................................ 86 Overview......................................................................................................................................................................... 86 Equal protection................................................................................................................................................................ 87 Utility of equal protection analysis....................................................................................................................... 87 Race and the Constitution..................................................................................................................................... 87 Slavery and the Constitution................................................................................................................................. 87 State v. Post......................................................................................................................................................... 87 Dred Scott v. Sanford........................................................................................................................................ 87 Reconstruction and retreat..................................................................................................................................... 88 Strauder v. West Virginia – Invalidated law barring blacks from juries................................................... 88 Plessy v. Ferguson – Separate but equal – Railroad cars............................................................................ 89 Equal protection methodology - strict scrutiny.................................................................................................. 90 Korematsu v. United States (Black 1944) – Japanese WWII interment.................................................. 90 Overview of equal protection doctrine................................................................................................................. 92 The attack on Jim Crow......................................................................................................................................... 93 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I) – School desegregation......................................... 93 Bolling v. Sharpe - 14th Amendment equal protection federal via 5th Amendment............................... 94 Brown II............................................................................................................................................................... 95 Facially neutral laws that disadvantage minorities........................................................................................... 96 Washington v. Davis.......................................................................................................................................... 96 Privileges or immunities – 14th Amendment.................................................................................................................. 97 The Slaughter-House Cases – New Orleans slaughtering monopoly................................................................... 97 Slaugheter-House remains good law.................................................................................................................... 98 Incorporation...................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore.................................................................................................. 98 Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co................................................................................................. 99 Twining v. New Jersey............................................................................................................................................. 99 Palko v. Connecticut – Double jeopardy............................................................................................................ 99 Adamson v. California – Black dissent - Total incorporation......................................................................... 99 Duncan v. Louisiana............................................................................................................................................... 99 Contracts clause - Protecting economic liberties - Textual....................................................................................... 99 Fletcher v. Peck – Corrupt land sale contract not voidable by State........................................................... 100 Ogden v. Saunders – State bankruptcy law valid prospectively................................................................... 101 Calder v. Bull – Ex post facto - Historical Modality – Criminal only............................................................... 101 Home Building and Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell..................................................................................................... 102 Modern contracts clause law and AK analysis................................................................................................ 102 Substantive due process - Protecting economic interests - “Redistribution”.................................................... 103 Lochner v. New York – Time to make the donuts – No maximum hours for bakers.............................. 103 AK’s lecture on Lochner................................................................................................................................. 104 Civil War makes Lochner look less crazy.................................................................................................... 105 Structural and ethical basis for Lochner holding........................................................................................ 105 Dissent - Harlan................................................................................................................................................ 106 Dissent - Holmes............................................................................................................................................... 106 Forming an opinion of Lochner..................................................................................................................... 106 Lochner Era - most significant judicial interventions in American history............................................ 106 Munn v. Illinois - Escape hatch from Lochner – “Public interest”.......................................................... 107 Muller v. Oregon – Another escape hatch – Women “special class”...................................................... 107 Bailey v. Alabama – Personal service contracts enforced by jail time no more....................................... 107 Nebbia v. New York.............................................................................................................................................. 108 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish – The death of Lochner – Female minimum wage............................... 108 United States v. Carolene Products Co. – Filled milk..................................................................................... 108 Williamson v. Lee Optical - Full employment for ophthalmologists............................................................ 109 Ferguson v. Skrupa................................................................................................................................................ 109 Summary of substantive due process - Economic rights............................................................................... 109 Privacy, personhood, and family - Modern Substantive due process.................................................................... 110 West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette - Overview....................................................................... 110 The right of privacy.................................................................................................................................................... 110 Individual rights after the New Deal.................................................................................................................. 110 Meyer v. Nebraska – Okay to teach foreign language to school children............................................. 111 Pierce v. Society of Sisters.............................................................................................................................. 111 Griswold v. Connecticut - Condommania................................................................................................... 111 Eisenstadt v. Baird........................................................................................................................................... 114 Abortion.................................................................................................................................................................. 114 Roe v. Wade...................................................................................................................................................... 114 Roe and Griswold............................................................................................................................................. 116 Planned Parenthood v. Casey – Abortion waiting period and other restrictions.................................. 116 AK’s approach to abortion question............................................................................................................ 122 Bowers v. Hardwick - Sodomy........................................................................................................................... 124 Washington v. Glucksberg - Physician-assisted suicide.................................................................................. 126 Sex and sexual orientation........................................................................................................................................ 129 Reed v. Reed..................................................................................................................................................... 129 Frontiero v. Richardson – Classification based on sex inherently suspect............................................ 129 Craig v. Boren – Beer sales to 18 – 20 year-old women only, not men................................................. 129 United States v. Virginia – VMI gender integration................................................................................... 130 Other Candidates for heightened scrutiny........................................................................................................ 132 Romer v. Evans – Special rights for gays.................................................................................................... 132 Case Summaries................................................................................................................................................................. 134 Strauder v. West Virginia (1880): 14th Amendment.................................................................................. 134 Peters v. Kiff (1972): 14th Amendment....................................................................................................... 134 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): 13th, 14th Amendments................................................................................... 134 Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 14th Amendment, Equal Protection.......................................... 134 Bolling v. Sharpe (1954): 5th Amendment, Equal Protection, Due Process.......................................... 135 Marbury v. Madison (1803): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution................................................... 135 Cooper v. Aaron (1958): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution........................................................... 135 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. Ed. (1971): 14th Amendment, Segregation.............................. 136 Freeman v. Pitts (1992): 14th Amendment, School Desegregation.......................................................... 136 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816): Supremacy Clause, Judicial Review............................................... 136 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Implied Power, 10th Amendment........................................................ 137 US Term Limits v. Thornton (1995): 10th Amendment, Term Limits..................................................... 137 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Commerce Clause, Federal v. States............................................................. 138 US v. E.C. Knight (1895): Commerce, Anti-Trust...................................................................................... 138 Champion v. Ames [lottery case] (1903): Commerce.............................................................................. 139 Swift & Co. v. US (1905): Commerce, “Current of Commerce”............................................................ 139 The Shreveport Rate Case (1914): Commerce, “close and substantial relation”................................ 139 Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918): Commerce, 10th Amendment................................................................. 140 NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin (1937) Commerce Clause, New Deal legislation....................................... 140 US v. Darby (1941): Commerce Clause, Child Labor, Manufacturing................................................. 141 Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964......................................... 141 Katzenbach v. McClung (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964........................................ 141 US v. Lopez (1995): Commerce Clause, Guns in school zone................................................................ 142 South Dakota v. Dole (1987): Commerce Clause, 21st Amendment..................................................... 143 Missouri v. Holland (1920): 10th Amendment............................................................................................ 143 Katzenbach v. Morgan (S.Car.) (1966): 14th A., Due Process, Literacy to Vote................................... 143 Boerne City v. Flores (1997): 1st A. Free exercise v. 14th A. Legislative authority................................ 143 Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968): 13th Amendment, Equal Housing................................................................ 144 Garcia v. San Antonio Metro Transit Auth. (1985) 10th A., Federalism................................................. 145 New York v. United States (1992): 10th Amendment, Supremacy Clause............................................ 145 Printz v. United States (1997): 10th A., Commerce Clause, Original Intent........................................... 146 Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852): Federalism, Concurrent Powers.................................................. 147 City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978): Dormant Commerce Clause.............................................. 147 Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981): Safety v. Commerce.............................................. 148 West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994): Interstate Commerce....................................................... 148 Corfield v. Coryell (1823): Privilege and Immunity Clause..................................................................... 148 United Bldg. v. Camden (1984) Privilege & Immunity v. Commerce Clause...................................... 149 Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Separation of Powers, Emergency power.................................... 149 US v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. (1936) Separation of Power, External v. Internal...................................... 149 Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981): Implicit powers................................................................................... 149 Korematsu v. United States (1944): Emergency Executive Order.......................................................... 149 United States v. Nixon (1974): Executive Privilege................................................................................... 150 Clinton v. Jones (1997): Separation of Powers, Presidential Immunity................................................. 151 Mistretta v. United States (1989) “Non delegation” of Congressional Power....................................... 151 INS v. Chadha (1983): Legislative Veto...................................................................................................... 151 Clinton v. City of New York (1998): Separation of Powers, Line Item Veto........................................ 152 Bowsher v. Synar: (1986): Separation of Powers...................................................................................... 152 Morrison v. Olson (1988): Separation of Powers, Independent Counsel............................................... 152 Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon (1982): Separation of powers, delegation..................................... 152 Commodity Futures T.C. v. Schor (1986): Separation of Power, delegation........................................ 153 Ex Parte McCardle (1869) Separation of Powers, Exceptions clause.................................................... 153 Baker v. Carr (1962): Limits on Judicial Power, Political Questions....................................................... 154 Nixon v. United States (1993): Limits, Political Question......................................................................... 154 Raines v. Byrd (1997): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 154 Allen v. Wright (1984): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 155 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1975): Limits, Standing.......................................................................... 155 Missouri v. Jenkins (II) (1990): Limit, Scope of remedy.......................................................................... 155 Missouri v Jenkins (III) (1995): Limits Jurisdiction................................................................................... 156 Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Economic Liberties, Property Rights................................................................. 156 Ogden v. Saunders (1827): Economic Liberties, Contracts Clause........................................................ 157 Calder v. Bull: (1798): Economic Liberties, Ex post facto....................................................................... 157 The Slaughter House Cases (1873): Economic Liberties, 13th, 14th A, Monopolies............................. 158 Palko v. Connecticut (1937): Double Jeopardy, Due Process (14th A.).................................................. 158 Adamson v. California (1947): 5th A. not part of Due Process (14th A.)................................................. 159 Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942): Due Process, Sterilization.......................................................................... 159 Lochner v. New York (1905): Substantive Due Process, Freedom to Contract.................................... 160 Bailey v. Alabama (1910): 13th A., Race Discrimination......................................................................... 160 Date: 2015-01-02; view: 742
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