Baehr v. Lewin(1993): Gay Marriage, Equal Rights

t The Hawaii Supreme Ct. (NOT the S. Ct.) remanded law prohibiting gay marriageviolated equal rights A. under Hawaii const. (The prohibition did not violate right to privacy.) Marriage has benefits, and is also a vital right essential to orderly pursuit of happiness.

Constitutional Law – Spring 1999 - Major Premises

Federalism - Vertical distribution of government power................................................................................ 1

Implied powers - McCulloch v. Maryland – Bank of the U.S...................................................................................... 1

Commerce clause................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Spending power................................................................................................................................................................... 18

Dormant commerce clause (DCC) – Protection against facial discrimination....................................................... 19

10th Amendment - Implied limitations on congressional power -............................................................................. 23

Other Federalism premises................................................................................................................................................ 30

Separation of powers - Horizontal distribution of national power......................................................... 39

Judicial review..................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Jurisdiction and standing................................................................................................................................................... 45

Political question doctrine................................................................................................................................................. 51

Executive authority - domestic........................................................................................................................................ 54

Executive privilege............................................................................................................................................................. 56

Presidential immunity........................................................................................................................................................ 59

Impeachment...................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Bicameralism and presentment....................................................................................................................................... 61

Administrative agencies and the separation of powers............................................................................................... 65

Non delegation doctrine and “quasi-constitutional” statutes..................................................................................... 72

Executive authority – foreign........................................................................................................................................... 76

Legislative authority - foreign.......................................................................................................................................... 79

Other separation of powers premises.............................................................................................................................. 80

Individual rights................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Equal protection................................................................................................................................................................. 87

Privileges or immunities – 14^th Amendment.................................................................................................................. 97

Incorporation...................................................................................................................................................................... 98

Contracts clause - Protecting economic liberties - Textual......................................................................................... 99

Privacy, personhood, and family - Modern Substantive due process.................................................................... 110

Case Summaries................................................................................................................................................................. 134

Constitutional Law – Spring 1999.............................................................................................................................. 1

Federalism - Vertical distribution of government power................................................................................ 1

A government of enumerated powers - Why does federalism matter?................................................................. 1

Implied powers - McCulloch v. Maryland – Bank of the U.S....................................................................................... 1

Commerce clause.................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Three regulated categories under commerce clause.................................................................................................. 4

Channels...................................................................................................................................................................... 4

Instrumentalities......................................................................................................................................................... 4

“Substantially affecting” commerce...................................................................................................................... 4

Pre New Deal.................................................................................................................................................................... 5

Gibbons v. Ogden – New York steamboat monopoly......................................................................................... 5

United States v. E.C. Knight - Manufacture vs. commerce – Sugar monopoly............................................. 6

Substantial economic effects and stream of commerce.................................................................................... 6

The Shreveport Rate Cases – Substantial economic effects – Railroad rates.......................................... 6

Stafford v. Wallace - Stream of commerce..................................................................................................... 7

Police power................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Champion v. Ames - The Lottery Case............................................................................................................ 7

Hammer v. Dagenhart - Child labor.................................................................................................................. 7

Summary of pre-New Deal law on commerce clause......................................................................................... 8

The New Deal Crisis and the Rise of the Welfare State............................................................................................ 8

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States............................................................................................................... 9

Carter v. Carter Coal Co......................................................................................................................................... 10

Modern Trend................................................................................................................................................................ 10

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. - Expanded “substantial economic effect”.................................. 10

Wickard v. Filburn - The “cumulative effect” theory....................................................................................... 11

United States v. Darby - police power regulations - Minimum wage............................................................. 12

Civil rights cases and the commerce clause............................................................................................................. 13

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States – Local incident of interstate commerce..................................... 13

Katzenbach v. McClung – Ollie’s BBQ............................................................................................................... 13

Effect of Lopez........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Judicial abdication during New Deal......................................................................................................................... 14

United States v. Lopez – Latest word – Guns and schools do mix...................................................................... 15

Reconciling Lopez with New Deal.............................................................................................................................. 17

Current status of commerce clause........................................................................................................................... 17

Does Lopez provide workable rule of law?.............................................................................................................. 17

Spending power.................................................................................................................................................................. 18

United States v. Butler - Beyond enumerated powers...................................................................................... 18

Steward Machine Co. v. Davis.............................................................................................................................. 19

South Dakota v. Dole - National drinking age.................................................................................................... 19

Pennhurst State School & Hospital v. Halderman............................................................................................ 19

Dormant commerce clause (DCC) – Protection against facial discrimination..................................................... 19

Gibbons v. Ogden – New York steamboat monopoly................................................................................. 20

Willson v. Black Bird Creek Marsh Co........................................................................................................... 20

Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens (1851) – “Cooley test” – That which is by nature national........... 20

Modern DCC doctrine....................................................................................................................................... 20

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey – DCC – No solid waste...................................................................... 20

West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy – Milk tax subsidizes in-state farmers........................................... 21

Bobbitt’s modalities and the DCC?................................................................................................................ 21

Market participant exception under commerce clause.................................................................................... 22

Reeves, Inc. v. Stake.......................................................................................................................................... 22

10th Amendment - Implied limitations on congressional power -............................................................................ 23

National League of Cities v. Usery - Traditional government functions test..................................................... 23

Garcia v. San Antonio MTA - Overruled National League of Cities – Minimum wage................................... 23

Use of state’s lawmaking mechanisms..................................................................................................................... 24

New York v. United States - Waste disposal....................................................................................................... 24

Printz v. United States – Brady Bill – Don’t No commandeer state executive............................................ 26

Possible McCulloch theory underlying New York and Printz.......................................................................... 28

U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton..................................................................................................................................... 28

Other Federalism premises............................................................................................................................................... 30

The treaty and war powers.......................................................................................................................................... 30

Missouri v. Holland – Migratory birds................................................................................................................. 30

Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co................................................................................................................................ 30

The taxing power........................................................................................................................................................... 30

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co................................................................................................................................ 30

The guarantee clause and the reconstruction amendments.................................................................................. 31

Texas v. White.......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Validity of 13^th and 14^th Amendments................................................................................................................. 31

The power to enforce the reconstruction amendments.................................................................................... 32

Katzenbach v. Morgan – Spanish speaking voters...................................................................................... 32

City of Boerne v. Flores – RFRA Unconstitutional........................................................................................... 32

Limitations on state regulation................................................................................................................................... 35

Typology of Powers...................................................................................................................................................... 35

Preemption..................................................................................................................................................................... 35

The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV.......................................................................................... 36

United Building Council v. Camden - No market participant exception for PIC................................... 36

Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward...................................................................................................... 36

Facially neutral statutes with significant effects on interstate commerce..................................................... 36

Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland.......................................................................................................... 37

Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm’n.............................................................................. 38

Separation of powers - Horizontal distribution of national power......................................................... 39

Distribution of national power - Why does separation of powers matter?......................................................... 39

Formalism vs. functionalism....................................................................................................................................... 39

Judicial review................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Marbury v. Madison – Supreme Court review of congressional statutes........................................................... 40

Theoretical foundation of judicial review................................................................................................................ 42

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee – Supreme Court review of state court decisions..................................................... 43

Judicial exclusivity........................................................................................................................................................ 44

Cooper v. Aaron - Federal judiciary is supreme – SCt binds states..................................................................... 44

Does judicial review imply judicial supremacy?..................................................................................................... 44

Departmentalism........................................................................................................................................................... 44

Jurisdiction and standing................................................................................................................................................ 45

Ex Parte McCardle - Congressional control of appellate jurisdiction.................................................................. 45

United States v. Klein......................................................................................................................................... 46

Good confusion.................................................................................................................................................. 46

Case or Controversy Requirement............................................................................................................................. 46

Standing.......................................................................................................................................................................... 47

Allen v. Wright - IRS tax-exempt status for segregated private school......................................................... 47

Lujan v. Defenders of the Wildlife – Endangered Species Act........................................................................ 49

Raines v. Byrd - Line item veto............................................................................................................................. 49

Perspective on cases................................................................................................................................................ 50

Political question doctrine.............................................................................................................................................. 51

Baker v. Carr - Apportionment of the Tennessee Assembly........................................................................... 51

Luther v. Borden - Guaranty clause non-justiciable......................................................................................... 52

Why is there a political question doctrine?.......................................................................................................... 52

Davis v. Bandemer - Unconstitutional gerrymandering justiciable................................................................ 52

Nixon v. United States - Impeachment non-justiciable.................................................................................... 52

Coleman v. Miller - Congress gets to say whether USC has been amended................................................. 53

Timing and certiorari............................................................................................................................................... 53

Executive authority - domestic........................................................................................................................................ 54

Executive-Legislative conflicts................................................................................................................................... 54

Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer - The Steel Seizure Case...................................................................... 54

Dames & Moore v. Regan - Iran hostage settlement........................................................................................ 55

Executive privilege............................................................................................................................................................ 56

United States v. Nixon – Watergate tapes........................................................................................................... 56

Reviewability of executive privilege decisions......................................................................................................... 57

Scope of executive privilege........................................................................................................................................ 57

National security interests...................................................................................................................................... 58

United States v. AT&T...................................................................................................................................... 58

Legislative Investigations and Civil Proceedings............................................................................................... 59

Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities v. Nixon................................................. 59

Dellums v. Powell................................................................................................................................................ 59

Lower level officials................................................................................................................................................ 59

Presidential immunity....................................................................................................................................................... 59

Mississippi v. Johnson........................................................................................................................................ 59

Nixon v. Fitzgerald............................................................................................................................................. 59

Harlow v. Fitzgerald........................................................................................................................................... 60

Clinton v. Jones................................................................................................................................................... 60

Law and politics............................................................................................................................................................ 60

Law versus politics................................................................................................................................................... 60

Nixon v. Administrator of General Services.................................................................................................. 60

Law as politics.......................................................................................................................................................... 61

Impeachment....................................................................................................................................................................... 61

Bicameralism and presentment........................................................................................................................................ 61

INS v. Chadha - One house veto provision stricken.............................................................................................. 61

General critique by Koppelman............................................................................................................................ 63

Single-house actions approved by USC............................................................................................................... 64

Chadha in context - Legislative control of the bureaucracy........................................................................... 64

The reach of Chadha.............................................................................................................................................. 64

Process Gas Consumers Group v. Consumers Energy Council of America............................................. 64

United States Senate v. FTC............................................................................................................................. 64

A return to the text?................................................................................................................................................. 65

Future directions....................................................................................................................................................... 65

Administrative agencies and the separation of powers.............................................................................................. 65

Meyers v. United States.......................................................................................................................................... 66

The rise of independent agencies.......................................................................................................................... 66

Humphrey’s Executor v. United States - FTC member removal............................................................... 66

Wiener v. United States - War Claims Commission removal..................................................................... 66

Buckley v. Valeo - Appointments Clause and FEC – Officer of the U.S................................................. 67

Various assessments of Myers, Humphrey’s Executor, and Buckley........................................................... 67

Bowsher v. Synar - Good-bye Gramm-Rudman..................................................................................................... 68

Commitment and the budget...................................................................................................................................... 69

Appointments power - Congressional control over administrative officials...................................................... 69

Chadha and Bowsher............................................................................................................................................. 69

Morrison and Bowsher............................................................................................................................................ 69

Koppelman on Morrison and Mistretta............................................................................................................... 70

Non-presidential appointments............................................................................................................................. 70

Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue............................................................................................. 70

Weiss v. United States........................................................................................................................................ 70

Edmond v. United States.................................................................................................................................. 70

Justice Scalia’s Bowsher and Mistretta dissents................................................................................................. 70

Congressional control of administrative agencies after Chadha and Bowsher........................................... 71

Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.......................................................................................................... 71

Non delegation doctrine and “quasi-constitutional” statutes................................................................................. 72

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................. 72

Non-delegation doctrine......................................................................................................................................... 72

Non-delegation and National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA)....................................................... 72

Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan......................................................................................................................... 72

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States....................................................................................................... 72

Demise of non-delegation doctrine....................................................................................................................... 73

Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally....................................................................................................... 73

Touby v. United States...................................................................................................................................... 73

Loving v. United States..................................................................................................................................... 73

Arguments in favor of reviving non-delegation doctrine.................................................................................. 73

D. Schoenbrod..................................................................................................................................................... 73

Industrial Union v. American Petroleum Institute – Rehnquist dissent.................................................... 73

Ely (Democracy and Distrust).......................................................................................................................... 74

Stewart – against non delegation doctrine..................................................................................................... 74

Lowi’s assessment of the “new” Constitution............................................................................................... 74

Structural statutes.................................................................................................................................................... 75

Executive authority – foreign.......................................................................................................................................... 76

Control of foreign affairs............................................................................................................................................. 76

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. – Foreign arms sales embargo............................................................ 76

Text, history, and presidential power.............................................................................................................. 76

Functionalism and the autonomy of constitutional interpretation........................................................... 76

Allocation of war making authority..................................................................................................................... 77

Approaches toward reconciling these provisions.......................................................................................... 77

Prize Cases - President’s power to use armed forces.................................................................................... 78

Orlando v. Laird – Vietnam non-justiciable................................................................................................. 78

Dellums v. Bush – The Persian Gulf War....................................................................................................... 78

UN “peacekeeping” or “peace enforcement”............................................................................................... 78

Legislative authority - foreign......................................................................................................................................... 79

The War Powers Resolution................................................................................................................................... 79

War Powers Resolution is unconstitutional.................................................................................................... 79

The War Powers Resolution is constitutional................................................................................................ 79

Practice under the Resolution........................................................................................................................... 79

The Constitution without courts – War Powers and Boland............................................................................ 80

Other separation of powers premises............................................................................................................................. 80

Treaties...................................................................................................................................................................... 80

Executive Agreements............................................................................................................................................ 80

Dames & Moore v. Regan - Constitutional limits on scope of executive agreements........................... 80

United States v. Belmont.................................................................................................................................. 80

Congressional-executive agreements................................................................................................................... 81

Impoundment.......................................................................................................................................................... 81

Line item vetoes....................................................................................................................................................... 82

Unfunded mandates............................................................................................................................................... 82

New York v. United States – No unfunded mandates – 10^th Amendment.............................................. 82

Unfunded Mandate Reform Act of 1995...................................................................................................... 82

Contract with America...................................................................................................................................... 82

Constitutional amendment to balance the budget............................................................................................ 82

Morrison v. Olson – Special prosecutor laws............................................................................................................ 83

Mistretta v. United States – U.S. Sentencing Commission.................................................................................... 84

Final thoughts on separation of powers.................................................................................................................... 85

Individual rights................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Overview......................................................................................................................................................................... 86

Equal protection................................................................................................................................................................ 87

Utility of equal protection analysis....................................................................................................................... 87

Race and the Constitution..................................................................................................................................... 87

Slavery and the Constitution................................................................................................................................. 87

State v. Post......................................................................................................................................................... 87

Dred Scott v. Sanford........................................................................................................................................ 87

Reconstruction and retreat..................................................................................................................................... 88

Strauder v. West Virginia – Invalidated law barring blacks from juries................................................... 88

Plessy v. Ferguson – Separate but equal – Railroad cars............................................................................ 89

Equal protection methodology - strict scrutiny.................................................................................................. 90

Korematsu v. United States (Black 1944) – Japanese WWII interment.................................................. 90

Overview of equal protection doctrine................................................................................................................. 92

The attack on Jim Crow......................................................................................................................................... 93

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I) – School desegregation......................................... 93

Bolling v. Sharpe - 14^th Amendment equal protection federal via 5^th Amendment............................... 94

Brown II............................................................................................................................................................... 95

Facially neutral laws that disadvantage minorities........................................................................................... 96

Washington v. Davis.......................................................................................................................................... 96

Privileges or immunities – 14^th Amendment.................................................................................................................. 97

The Slaughter-House Cases – New Orleans slaughtering monopoly................................................................... 97

Slaugheter-House remains good law.................................................................................................................... 98

Incorporation...................................................................................................................................................................... 98

Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore.................................................................................................. 98

Murray v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co................................................................................................. 99

Twining v. New Jersey............................................................................................................................................. 99

Palko v. Connecticut – Double jeopardy............................................................................................................ 99

Adamson v. California – Black dissent - Total incorporation......................................................................... 99

Duncan v. Louisiana............................................................................................................................................... 99

Contracts clause - Protecting economic liberties - Textual....................................................................................... 99

Fletcher v. Peck – Corrupt land sale contract not voidable by State........................................................... 100

Ogden v. Saunders – State bankruptcy law valid prospectively................................................................... 101

Calder v. Bull – Ex post facto - Historical Modality – Criminal only............................................................... 101

Home Building and Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell..................................................................................................... 102

Modern contracts clause law and AK analysis................................................................................................ 102

Substantive due process - Protecting economic interests - “Redistribution”.................................................... 103

Lochner v. New York – Time to make the donuts – No maximum hours for bakers.............................. 103

AK’s lecture on Lochner................................................................................................................................. 104

Civil War makes Lochner look less crazy.................................................................................................... 105

Structural and ethical basis for Lochner holding........................................................................................ 105

Dissent - Harlan................................................................................................................................................ 106

Dissent - Holmes............................................................................................................................................... 106

Forming an opinion of Lochner..................................................................................................................... 106

Lochner Era - most significant judicial interventions in American history............................................ 106

Munn v. Illinois - Escape hatch from Lochner – “Public interest”.......................................................... 107

Muller v. Oregon – Another escape hatch – Women “special class”...................................................... 107

Bailey v. Alabama – Personal service contracts enforced by jail time no more....................................... 107

Nebbia v. New York.............................................................................................................................................. 108

West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish – The death of Lochner – Female minimum wage............................... 108

United States v. Carolene Products Co. – Filled milk..................................................................................... 108

Williamson v. Lee Optical - Full employment for ophthalmologists............................................................ 109

Ferguson v. Skrupa................................................................................................................................................ 109

Summary of substantive due process - Economic rights............................................................................... 109

Privacy, personhood, and family - Modern Substantive due process.................................................................... 110

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette - Overview....................................................................... 110

The right of privacy.................................................................................................................................................... 110

Individual rights after the New Deal.................................................................................................................. 110

Meyer v. Nebraska – Okay to teach foreign language to school children............................................. 111

Pierce v. Society of Sisters.............................................................................................................................. 111

Griswold v. Connecticut - Condommania................................................................................................... 111

Eisenstadt v. Baird........................................................................................................................................... 114

Abortion.................................................................................................................................................................. 114

Roe v. Wade...................................................................................................................................................... 114

Roe and Griswold............................................................................................................................................. 116

Planned Parenthood v. Casey – Abortion waiting period and other restrictions.................................. 116

AK’s approach to abortion question............................................................................................................ 122

Bowers v. Hardwick - Sodomy........................................................................................................................... 124

Washington v. Glucksberg - Physician-assisted suicide.................................................................................. 126

Sex and sexual orientation........................................................................................................................................ 129

Reed v. Reed..................................................................................................................................................... 129

Frontiero v. Richardson – Classification based on sex inherently suspect............................................ 129

Craig v. Boren – Beer sales to 18 – 20 year-old women only, not men................................................. 129

United States v. Virginia – VMI gender integration................................................................................... 130

Other Candidates for heightened scrutiny........................................................................................................ 132

Romer v. Evans – Special rights for gays.................................................................................................... 132

Case Summaries................................................................................................................................................................. 134

Strauder v. West Virginia (1880): 14^th Amendment.................................................................................. 134

Peters v. Kiff (1972): 14^th Amendment....................................................................................................... 134

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): 13^th, 14^th Amendments................................................................................... 134

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): 14^th Amendment, Equal Protection.......................................... 134

Bolling v. Sharpe (1954): 5^th Amendment, Equal Protection, Due Process.......................................... 135

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution................................................... 135

Cooper v. Aaron (1958): Judicial Review, Interpret Constitution........................................................... 135

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. Ed. (1971): 14^th Amendment, Segregation.............................. 136

Freeman v. Pitts (1992): 14^th Amendment, School Desegregation.......................................................... 136

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816): Supremacy Clause, Judicial Review............................................... 136

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Implied Power, 10^th Amendment........................................................ 137

US Term Limits v. Thornton (1995): 10^th Amendment, Term Limits..................................................... 137

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Commerce Clause, Federal v. States............................................................. 138

US v. E.C. Knight (1895): Commerce, Anti-Trust...................................................................................... 138

Champion v. Ames [lottery case] (1903): Commerce.............................................................................. 139

Swift & Co. v. US (1905): Commerce, “Current of Commerce”............................................................ 139

The Shreveport Rate Case (1914): Commerce, “close and substantial relation”................................ 139

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918): Commerce, 10^th Amendment................................................................. 140

NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin (1937) Commerce Clause, New Deal legislation....................................... 140

US v. Darby (1941): Commerce Clause, Child Labor, Manufacturing................................................. 141

Heart of Atlanta Motel (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964......................................... 141

Katzenbach v. McClung (1964): Commerce Clause, Civil Rights Act 1964........................................ 141

US v. Lopez (1995): Commerce Clause, Guns in school zone................................................................ 142

South Dakota v. Dole (1987): Commerce Clause, 21^st Amendment..................................................... 143

Missouri v. Holland (1920): 10^th Amendment............................................................................................ 143

Katzenbach v. Morgan (S.Car.) (1966): 14^th A., Due Process, Literacy to Vote................................... 143

Boerne City v. Flores (1997): 1^st A. Free exercise v. 14^th A. Legislative authority................................ 143

Jones v. Mayer Co. (1968): 13^th Amendment, Equal Housing................................................................ 144

Garcia v. San Antonio Metro Transit Auth. (1985) 10^th A., Federalism................................................. 145

New York v. United States (1992): 10^th Amendment, Supremacy Clause............................................ 145

Printz v. United States (1997): 10^th A., Commerce Clause, Original Intent........................................... 146

Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852): Federalism, Concurrent Powers.................................................. 147

City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey (1978): Dormant Commerce Clause.............................................. 147

Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. (1981): Safety v. Commerce.............................................. 148

West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy (1994): Interstate Commerce....................................................... 148

Corfield v. Coryell (1823): Privilege and Immunity Clause..................................................................... 148

United Bldg. v. Camden (1984) Privilege & Immunity v. Commerce Clause...................................... 149

Youngstown Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Separation of Powers, Emergency power.................................... 149

US v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. (1936) Separation of Power, External v. Internal...................................... 149

Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981): Implicit powers................................................................................... 149

Korematsu v. United States (1944): Emergency Executive Order.......................................................... 149

United States v. Nixon (1974): Executive Privilege................................................................................... 150

Clinton v. Jones (1997): Separation of Powers, Presidential Immunity................................................. 151

Mistretta v. United States (1989) “Non delegation” of Congressional Power....................................... 151

INS v. Chadha (1983): Legislative Veto...................................................................................................... 151

Clinton v. City of New York (1998): Separation of Powers, Line Item Veto........................................ 152

Bowsher v. Synar: (1986): Separation of Powers...................................................................................... 152

Morrison v. Olson (1988): Separation of Powers, Independent Counsel............................................... 152

Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon (1982): Separation of powers, delegation..................................... 152

Commodity Futures T.C. v. Schor (1986): Separation of Power, delegation........................................ 153

Ex Parte McCardle (1869) Separation of Powers, Exceptions clause.................................................... 153

Baker v. Carr (1962): Limits on Judicial Power, Political Questions....................................................... 154

Nixon v. United States (1993): Limits, Political Question......................................................................... 154

Raines v. Byrd (1997): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 154

Allen v. Wright (1984): Limits, Standing...................................................................................................... 155

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1975): Limits, Standing.......................................................................... 155

Missouri v. Jenkins (II) (1990): Limit, Scope of remedy.......................................................................... 155

Missouri v Jenkins (III) (1995): Limits Jurisdiction................................................................................... 156

Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Economic Liberties, Property Rights................................................................. 156

Ogden v. Saunders (1827): Economic Liberties, Contracts Clause........................................................ 157

Calder v. Bull: (1798): Economic Liberties, Ex post facto....................................................................... 157

The Slaughter House Cases (1873): Economic Liberties, 13^th, 14^th A, Monopolies............................. 158

Palko v. Connecticut (1937): Double Jeopardy, Due Process (14^th A.).................................................. 158

Adamson v. California (1947): 5^th A. not part of Due Process (14^th A.)................................................. 159

Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942): Due Process, Sterilization.......................................................................... 159

Lochner v. New York (1905): Substantive Due Process, Freedom to Contract.................................... 160

Bailey v. Alabama (1910): 13^th A., Race Discrimination......................................................................... 160

West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937): 5^th, 14^th A., Freedom to Contract................................................... 161

Williamson v. Lee Optical (1955): 14^th A., Due Process, Judicial Power................................................ 161

Meyer v. Nebraska (1923): 14^th A., Due Process, Privacy........................................................................ 162

Poe v. Ullman (1961): 14^th A., Due Process, Individual Rights, “Ripeness”.......................................... 162

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965): 14^th, 1^st, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 9^th A., Privacy........................................................ 163

Roe v. Wade (1973): Privacy, Abortion (9^th, 14^th A.)................................................................................. 163

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992): Privacy, Abortion......................................................................... 164

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986): Fundamental Rights, Sodomy, 8^th A......................................................... 165

Washington v. Glucksberg (1997): Privacy, Right to Die, 14^th A............................................................. 166

Railway Express Agency v. New York (1949): 14^th A., Rational Basis review..................................... 166

FCC v. Beach Communications (1993): 5^th, 14^th A, Rational Basis Review........................................ 167

Bradwell v. Illinois (1873): 14^th A., Gender Discrimination...................................................................... 167

Frontiero v. Richardson (1973): 5^th A., Gender Discrimination................................................................ 168

Craig v. Boren (1976): 14^th A., Gender Discrimination.............................................................................. 168

U.S. v. Virginia (1996): 14^th A., Gender Discrimination............................................................................. 168

Watkins v. U.S. Army (1989): 14^th A, Gay Discrimination, Status v. Conduct..................................... 170

Romer v. Evans (1996): 14^th A., Gay Discrimination, political participation........................................ 170

Baehr v. Lewin (1993): Gay Marriage, Equal Rights................................................................................ 170

Cases

Adamson v. California---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130, 199

Adkins v. Children’s Hospital-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 139, 141

Allen v. Wright------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63, 64, 196

Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82, 97

Baehr v. Lewin--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209

Bailey v. Alabama--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141, 161, 201

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

Baker v. Carr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67, 71, 143, 195

Barron v. Baltimore--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128

Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130

Bolling v. Sharpe------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 123, 179

Bowers v. Hardwick-

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 798