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THE TRUTH BEHIND A SMILE
People smile a (0) B deal, and we seem to know instinctively that some smiles are more genuine than others. But is there
any scientific (1) for this? Recent research suggests that a mechanism In the brain can help us (2) whether a smile Is really heartfelt - or whether it is just being (3) on for show. (4) to various long-held traditions, a genuine smile involves the eyes as well as the mouth. In the nineteenth century, a French anatomist (5) to prove this. He used electrodes to stimulate the facial muscles of volunteers, (6) creating raise smiles. He found that real smiles were always (7) with the contraction of a muscle around the eye, but that his artificially Induced ones were not.
During more recent research, volunteers were shown a variety of human racial (8) and their reactions to these were monitored. When they were shown a happy face, 35% of the volunteers immediately started looking at the eye area, checking for tell-tale crinkles that would (9) that the smile was genuine: but when shown a sad or neutral face, they did not. So why did the human brain evolve to (10)
between real and false smiles? It could be that this ability to (11) a quick assessment of a smile has an important role to play In successful communication. A genuine smile (12) as a gesture of conciliation in conflict, and it's important to know whether we are really being offered a truce or not.
| A big | Β great | Ρ large | D huge | |
| A sign | Β basis | Ρ root | D fact | |
| A recollect | Β accept | Ρ admit | D recognise | |
| A put | Β brought | Ρ created | D stuck | |
| A Providing | Β Considering | Ρ Relating | D According | |
| A got down | Β set out | Ρ went off | D carried out | |
| A despite | Β thereby | Ρ however | D nonetheless | |
| A associated | Β mixed | Ρ joined | D accompanied | |
| A exhibitions | Β resemblances | Ρ appearances | D expressions | |
| A assure | Β confirm | Ρ justify | D approve | |
| A decide | Β tell | Ρ distinguish | D reckon | |
| A make | Β earn | Ρ do | D hold | |
| A aims | Β serves | Ρ portrays | D applies |
Complete these sentences using the correct form of a word or expression from the text.
1 She arrived at the meeting very late, but her apology was sincere and h .
2 Using electrodes to stimulate the facial muscles of volunteers led to the ρ of false smiles.
3 When we genuinely smile, the muscles around our eyes ρ .
4 The e of the human brain enables people to differentiate between a real and a false smile.
5 Most people can a whether a smile is sincere or not quite quickly.
6 A genuine smile is seen as ΰ ρ gesture during a time of conflict.
7 A smile is one of the most successful ways of ρ a friendly attitude.
8 An a smile can be spotted by most people easily.
Use of English:word formation
Read the texts below. Use the words given in capitals to form a word that fits in the in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
BIG BROTHER REALITY SHOW CASTING
Alain
Im (1) (ideal) and (2) (conscience) Ive got a strong sense of right and wrong. Everything has to be correct. Im (3) (organize) and have high standards. Id bring a sense of order to the house, though some people say Im difficult to live with.
Cris
Im extremely (4) (ambition). It doesnt matter what others think of me and Ill do anything to get on in life. Being in the house will give me a high profile and get me where I want to be. Ill make sure the others dont take advantage when Im not looking, though.
David
Im pretty quiet, really and if Im honest, (5) (sense). Im a bit (6) (conscious), and what I need is something different to take me out of myself, though I dont really mind. Being in the house would be good for me and make me more confident.
Ella
Im curious and I want to be part of an experiment. Im (7) (depend) and I like to think for myself Ill try anything once. Im quite taciturn though, and Im happy with my own company. I dont have to join in everything going on if I dont want to, though I like to watch.
Franz
Im (8) (trust) and (9) (support). Im an excellent (10) (trouble) so I can stop arguments in the house I love working with others and Im totally (11) (rely). I dont like jokes much, so Ill keep it serious but that doesnt mean that Im not (9) (support).
Gina
Im (10) (play) and (11) (spirit) though teachers say Im (12) (discipline). I can be (13) (patience) I dont suffer fools gladly and so I annoy people sometimes. Im extroverts. I want to enjoy myself and Id bring fun to the house.
Harold
Im a bit (14) (temper), and quite (15) (assert) maybe too much! I say what I think and people may think Im (16) (opinion) but why should I let people get away with things I dont like? I know Im right, and people will agree when Im in the house bringing everyone in line.
Iva
Im pretty normal, really. I think positively and Im (17) (society), not (18) (confront) Id rather agree with people. I like everyone to get on. I hate people who trample over others. I want to be in the house because I love meeting people I can (19) (empathy) with, and chatting to them.
Brita
Im (20) (care), (21) (empathy), sincere and (22) (heart). I know I can be (23) (sentiment) and I try to please others too much, but that means Id be able to make the others feel at home. Ill organize games and things like that get everyone involved.
CONTROL YOUR ANGER
When a celebrity, a (0) politician or other person in the media spotlight loses their temper in public, they run the risk of hitting the headlines in a most (1) (embarrass) way. For such (2) (control) outbursts of anger are often triggered by what seem to be trivial matters and, if they are caught on camera, can make the person appear slightly (3) (ridicule). But it's not only the rich and famous who are prone to fits of rage. According to recent surveys, ordinary people are (4) (increase) tending to lose their cool in public.
Yet anger is a potentially (5) (destroy) emotion that uses up a lot of energy and creates a high level of emotional and physical stress - and it stops us thinking rationally. (6) (consequent) angry people often end up saying, and doing, things they later have cause to regret.
So, how can anger be avoided? Firstly, diet and lifestyle may be to blame. (7) (tolerant) and irritability certainly come to the surface when someone hasn't slept properly or has skipped a meal, and any (8) (take) of caffeine can make things worse.
Taking regular exercise can help to ease and diffuse feelings of (9) (aggressive), however, reducing the chances of an angry response. But if something or someone does make you angry, it's (10) (advise) not to react immediately. Once you've calmed down, things won't look half as bad as you first thought.
Vocabulary: personality
1 Match the words/phrases with their definitions.
| 1. tough cookie | a) a person who wants to be famous for no good reason, or copies the behaviour of someone famous |
| 2. Scrooge | b) aperson who seems to have asplit personality and issometimes very pleasant and sometimes very unpleasant |
| 3. high flyer | c) a person who is ambitious and very successful in their work or studies |
| 4. killjoy | d) a mean person |
| 5. Jekyll and Hyde | e) a person who seems unfriendly and without any strong feelings |
| 6. busybody | f) a secretive person who does not tell other people much about their life |
| 7. Peter Pan | g) a person who fantasises about leading an exciting, adventurous life when it is in fact quite ordinary |
| 8. cold fish | h) a person who complains about other people enjoying themselves or tries lo spoil it for them |
| 9. Walter Mitty | i) a person who behaves in a way which suggests that they are younger than they are |
| 10. wannabe | j) a person who gets food or money from other people without offering to pay or doing anything in return |
| 11. sponger | k) a person who tries to interfere in what other people are doing |
| 12. dark horse | l) a person who is clever but does not have much sympathy with other people's problems |
2 Complete the gaps with an appropriate word/phrase.
1 'I just think there might be sides to her that we don't know anything about. No one seems to know anything about her life outside work.'
'Yes, she's a bit of a .'
2 'I'm sure he's got his eye on the top job and with the amount of work he does, he'll probably get it too.'
'Yes. He's definitely a '
3 'He was telling me the most amazing stories about his career as a professional stuntman. I don't believe a word of it.'
'Yes, he's well known as a bit of a .'
4 'He wouldn't give anything at all towards my sister's leaving present. He just said he couldn't afford it. Can you believe that?'
'He's such a '
5 'He came out with us last night but he didn't contribute anything to the cost of the meal or even buy anyone else a drink. Then he even asked if he could share my taxi home.'
'What a !'
6 Some people say she's unfeeling but she's really good at running the business and making it profitable. She'd never let her emotions cloud her judgement.'
'A bit of a then.'
7 'She thinks she's going to be famous but as far as I can see she's got no talent for anything.'
'Don't take her too seriously. She's just a .'
8 'I can't make him out really. Sometimes he seems so kind and helpful and yet at other times he'll be really unpleasant and aggressive.'
'I know. It's all over again.'
9 'He wants to stay young, free and single even though he's in his forties. He looks about half his age as well.'
'Yes, he's a really, isn't he?'
10 'She's always trying to interfere in other people's lives. I nearly told her today that what I do in my spare time has nothing to do with her.'
Yes, she's a bit of a .'
11 'He never seems to smile at anyone or show any enthusiasm for anything. He's really not my idea of fun.'
'A bit of a , then.'
12 I can't stand our neighbour. Every lime we have a party he complains about the noise. He even complains about children playing in the park.'
'What a !'
Listening
| In Paper 4, Part 4,you will hear five short extracts on the same theme. In each extract you hear one person speaking. You have to do two tasks as you listen, and these will focus on different things in the texts, for example, the speaker's reason for doing something and their feelings. TIP!Remember that there are two answers for each speaker - one in task one and another in task two. You hear all five speakers once, then the sequence is repeated. Suggested procedure 1 Listen to the instructions and follow the wording on the page. 2 Read both sets of options in the pause before the listening is played. 3 Underline the most important word in each option. 4 As you listen for the first time, focus mainly on task one. Write in the letters of any answers you are sure of. 5 As you listen the second time, focus mainly on task two. 6 Don't leave any questions unanswered. If you're not sure, guess. Although you may be unsure, you have probably understood more than you think, so your guess may be right. |
You will hear five short extracts in which people who have changed their names talk about why they did this. Remember that you must complete both tasks as you listen. You will hear the recording twice.
TASK ONE
For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-H each person's reason for disliking their original name.
| APeople couldn't remember it. | Speaker 1 | |
| ΒIt felt rather old-fashioned. | Speaker 2 | |
| ΡSomeone couldn't pronounce it. | Speaker 3 | |
| DIt hadn't been carefully chosen. | Speaker 4 | |
| EIt didn't sound right for my career. | Speaker 5 | |
| FPeople used to laugh at it. | ||
| GIt made me sound too serious. | ||
| HIt wasn't individual enough. |
TASK TWO
Date: 2015-12-17; view: 2743
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| Complete the sentences with one of the adjectives above. | | | For questions 6-10, choose from the list A-H where each person got the idea for their new name. |