UNIT 5 EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SOLVING ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

SCRIPTS

UNIT 1 ENGINEERING

LESSON 1

WASHINGTON — One hundred years ago, life was a constant struggle against disease, pollution, deforestation, treacherous working conditions, and enormous cultural divides unreachable with current communications technologies. By the end of the 20^thcentury, the world had become a healthier, safer, and more productive place, primarily because of engineering achievements.

Speaking on behalf ofthe National Academy of Engineering (NAE), astronaut/engineer Neil Armstrong today announced the 20 engineering achievements that have had the greatest impact on quality of life in the 20^thcentury. The announcement was made during National Engineers Week 2000¹ at a National Press Club luncheon.

The achievements — nominated by 29 professional engineering societies — were selected and ranked by a distinguished panel of the nation's top engineers. Convened by the NAE, this committee — chaired by H. Guyford Stever, former director of the National Science Foundation (1972-76) and Science Advisor to the President (1973-76) — worked in anonymity to ensure the unbiased nature of its deliberations.

"As we look at engineering breakthroughs selected by the National Academy of Engineering, we can see that if any one of them were removed, our world would be a very different — and much less hospitable — place," said Armstrong. Armstrong's announcement of the top 20 list, which includes space exploration as the 12^thmost important achievement, covers an incredibly broad spectrum of human endeavor — from the vast networks of electrification in the world (No. 1), to the development of high-performance materials (No. 20) such as steel alloys, polymers, synthetic fibers, composites and ceramics. In between are advancements that have revolutionized the way people live (safer water supply and treatment, No. 4, and health technologies, No. 16); work (computers, No. 8, and telephones, No. 9); play (radio and television, No. 6); and travel (automobile, No. 2, airplane, No. 3, and interstate highways, No. 11).

In his statement delivered to the National Press Club, Armstrong said that he was delighted to announce the list of the greatest achievements to underscore his commitment to advancing the understanding of the critical importance of engineering. "Almost every part of our lives underwent profound changes during the past 100 years thanks to the efforts of engineers, changes impossible to imagine a century ago. People living in the early 1900s would be amazed at the advancements wrought by engineers," he said. adding, "as someone who has experienced firsthandone of engineering's most incredible advancements — space exploration — I have no doubt that the next 100 years will be even more amazing."

The NAE notes that the top achievement, electrification, powers almost every pursuit and enterprise in modern society. It has literally lighted the world and impacted countless areas of daily life, including food production and processing, air conditioning and heating, refrigeration, entertainment, transportation, communication, health care, and computers.

Many of the top 20 achievements, given the immediacy of their impact on the public, seem obvious choices, such as automobiles, at No. 2, and the airplane, at No. 3. These achievements, along with space exploration, the nation's interstate highway system at No. 11, and petroleum and gas technologies at No. 17, made travel and mobility-related achievements the single largest segment of engineering to be recognized.

Other achievements are less obvious, but nonetheless introduced changes of staggering proportions- The No. 4 achievement, for example, the availability of safe and abundant water, literally changed the way Americans lived and died during the last century. In the early 1900s, waterborne diseases like typhoid fever and cholera killed tens-of-thousands of people annually, and dysentery and diarrhea, the most common waterborne disease, were the third largest cause of death. By the 1940s, however, water treatment and distribution systems devised by engineers had almost totally eliminated these diseases in America and other developed nations. They also brought water to vast tracts of land that would otherwise have been uninhabitable.

No. 10, air conditioning and refrigeration technologies, underscores how seemingly commonplace technologies can have a staggering impact on the economy of cities and worker productivity. Air conditioning and refrigeration allowed people to live and work effectively in sweltering climates, had a profound impact on the distribution and preservation of our food supply, and provided stable environments for the sensitive components that underlie today's information-technology economy.

Referring to achievements that may escape notice by most of the general public, Wm. A. Wulf, president of the National Academy of Engineering, said, "Engineering is all around us, so people often take it for granted, like air and water. Ask yourself, what do I touch that is not engineered? Engineering develops and delivers consumer goods, builds the networks of highways, air and rail travel, and the Internet, mass produces antibiotics, creates artificial heart valves, builds lasers, and offers such wonders as imaging technology and conveniences like microwave ovens and compact discs. In short, engineers make our quality of life possible."

Selection Process

The process for choosing the greatest achievements began in the fall of 1999, when the National Academy of Engineering, an enormous non-profit organization of outstanding engineers founded under the congressional charter that established the National Academy of Sciences, invited discipline-specific professional engineering societies to nominate up to ten achievements. A list of 105 selections was given to a committee of academy members representing the various disciplines. The panel convened on December 9 and 10, 1999, and selected and ranked the top 20 achievements. The overarching criterion used was that those advancements had made the greatest contribution to the quality of life in the past 100 years. Even though some of the achievements, such as the telephone and the automobile, were invented in the 1800s, they were included because their impact on society was felt in the 20^thcentury.

The Achievements

Here is the complete list of achievements as announced today by Mr. Armstrong:

1) Electrification— the vast networks of electricity that power the developed world.

2) Automobile— revolutionary manufacturing practices made the automobile the world's major mode of transportation by making cars more reliable and affordable to the masses.

3) Airplane— flying made the world accessible, spurring globalization on a grand scale.

4) Safe and Abundant Water— preventing the spread of disease, increasing life expectancy.

5) Electronics— vacuum tubes and, later, transistors that underlie nearly all modern life.

6) Radio and Television— dramatically changed the way the world received information and entertainment.

7) Agricultural Mechanization— leading to a vastly larger, safer, less costly food supply

8) Computers— the heart of the numerous operations and systems that impact our lives.

9) Telephone— changing the way the world communicates personally and in business.

10) Air Conditioning and Refrigeration— beyond convenience, it extends the shelf life of food and medicines, protects electronics and plays an important role in health care delivery.

11) Interstate Highways— 44,000 miles of U.S. highways allowing goods distribution and personal access.

12) Space Exploration— going to outer space vastly expanded humanity's horizons and introduced 60,000 new products on Earth.

13) Internet— a global communications and information system of unparalleled access.

14) Imaging Technologies— revolutionized medical diagnostics.

15) Household Appliances— eliminated strenuous, laborious tasks, especially for women.

16) Health Technologies— mass production of antibiotics and artificial implants led to vast health improvements.

17) Petroleum and Gas Technologies— the fuels that energized the 20^thcentury.

18) Laser and Fiber Optics— applications are wide and varied, including almost simultaneous worldwide communications, non-invasive surgery, and point-of-sale scanners.

19) Nuclear Technologies— from splitting the atom, we gained a new source of electric power.

20) High-Performance Materials— higher quality, lighter, stronger, and more adaptable.

Editor's Notes:

Additional information and visuals are available at http;//www. greatachievements.org.

Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20^thCentury is a collaborative project led by the National Academy of Engineering, with the American Association of Engineering Societies, National Engineers Week, and 29 engineering societies.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers.

Since its founding in 1951 by the National Society of Professional Engineers, National Engineers Week, a consortium of more than 100 engineering, scientific, educational societies, and major corporations, has helped increase public awareness and appreciation of technology and the engineering profession. National Engineers Week 2000 co-chairs are the American Consulting Engineers Council (ACEC), a national organization of private engineering firms, and CH2M HILL, a global engineering company specializing in water and wastewater, environmental management, transportation, telecommunications, industrial facilities, and related infrastructure.

American Association of Engineering Societies is a federation of engineering societies dedicated to advancing the knowledge, understanding, and practice of engineering, whose membership represents more than one million engineers in the United States.

UNIT 5 EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SOLVING ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

LESSON 24

1) December twenty-sixth marks the anniversary of one of the worst natural disasters in recorded history. On that date four years ago, an underwater earthquake in the Indian Ocean formed a tsunami. The earthquake and waves from the tsunami killed an estimated two hundred thirty thousand people in eleven countries.

Western Indonesia suffered most from the tsunami. The waves struck the area about fifteen minutes after the earthquake. From the coast to far inland, one hundred forty thousand unsuspecting people were killed. The event also robbed Indonesia of valuable land.

No major tsunami had been recorded in the area for hundreds of years. But new evidence shows that other such deadly events may have taken place there long ago.

Recently, a Norwegian scientist reported that a major tsunami may have struck the Indian Ocean between six hundred and seven hundred years ago. Stein Bondevik teaches at two universities in Norway. Two teams provided the information he presented. His report and their studies all appeared in the publication Nature.

A team in Thailand reported finding evidence of a tsunami striking that country a few centuries ago. Kruawun Jankaew works at Chulalongkorn University. Her team found sand material that represents a tsunami from six hundred to seven hundred years ago.

The other team was led by Katrin Monecke of Kent State University in the United States. Her team unearthed evidence in the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Team members found sand material from the tsunami in two thousand four. They also found evidence of three tsunamis from the past one thousand two hundred years. One of these may be the same event that hit Thailand six to seven centuries ago.

2) A new study says almost forty percent of China is losing soil because of wind and water erosion. The Chinese government recently announced the results of a three-year study. The study was the largest of its kind since China became a communist nation in nineteen forty-nine.

Researchers found that China has three and one-half million square kilometers of eroded land. Water has eroded more than one and one-half million square kilometers of that territory. Wind has damaged almost two million square kilometers.

The researchers blamed farming and the clearing of forests for much of the damage. Rural areas are not the only ones losing soil. Land is also being affected in cities and near mines and factories.

The researchers say that every year, four and one-half billion tons of soil are washed or blown away. At that rate, they say, grain production in northeastern China could decrease forty percent within forty to fifty years. The country depends on that area for grain; the northeast is often called China's breadbasket.

The research team estimates that erosion has cost China at least twenty-nine billion dollars in economic losses since two thousand. The team also says that seventy percent of China's poor live in areas damaged by soil loss.

Xinhua, the official news agency, reported that the team said China is in a worse situation than many other countries suffering from soil erosion. These include India, Japan, the United States and Australia.

Land sometimes becomes desert and can no longer support plants. This process is called desertification. A study published earlier this year suggested that climate change has been a major cause of this in China. The paper appeared in Earth-Science Reviews in June.

Scientists say more than ninety percent of grasslands in northern China have decreased in quality as a result of desertification. Dried lakes in the north produce most of the dust that affects life for people in cities like Beijing and Tianjin.

Still another problem for China has been flooding along the Yangtze River. Widespread flooding took place in the late nineteen nineties. After that, the government limited tree cutting along the sides of mountains near the river.

And that’s the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson. Archives of our reports are at voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Jim Tedder.

Date: 2015-12-17; view: 2363