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The Secondary Sentence Parts

The Object

The complexity of the object as a sentence member makes difficult to work

out an adequate approach to describing this phenomenon. Different classifications

of objects have been proposed both by Russian and foreign scholars. The most

common ones are as follows:

1. Objects are divided into direct, indirect and prepositional.

This classification is far from perfect since the principle it is based on is not

consistent. Direct and indirect objects are singled out on the basis of the contents

while prepositional objects are differentiated based on the formal feature (presence

of preposition). Besides, indirect and prepositional objects can overlap.

2. Objects are grouped into prepositional and non-prepositional.

The drawback of this classification is that the underlying principle is not

specific uniquely to objects.

3. Prof. Pocheptsov singles out the following types of objects:

- Object object (дополнение объекта) is a sentence member dependent on

the verb, adjective or a word of the category of state that denotes an object of

action or of quality. It can be prepositional or non-prepositional.

- Addressee object (дополнение адресата) denotes a person or an object to

which some action performed by the subject (if the verb is in the Active Voice) is

directed.

e.g. I called her.

prepositional: I sent a letter to her.

non-prepositional: I sent her a letter.

- Subject object (дополнение субъекта) is used with a verb in Passive and

denotes the doer of the action expressed by the verb. It is always prepositional – by/with N

The Adverbial modifier

It is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence

expressed by a verb, a verbal noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and serving to

characterise an action or a property as to its quality or intensity, or to indicate the

way an action is done, the time, place, cause, purpose, or condition, with which the

action or the manifestation of the quality is connected.

Adverbial modifier is characterized by mostly free distribution. It can be a

constituent of any sentence. It can be a component of a structural scheme of a

sentence only when used with verbs of adverbial directivity. According to their

meaning, adverbial modifiers are subdivided into adverbial modifiers of:

place and

direction;

time;

frequency;

degree;

manner;

attending

circumstances;

description;

purpose;

cause;

comparison

consequence;

concession

condition;

exception.

The Attribute

Attribute is a dependent element of a nominative phrase that denotes an

attributive quality of an object expressed by a noun. It is a secondary part of the

sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantival

pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivised word, and characterizing the

thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

According to the position relative to the head word, attributes can be



prepositive and postpositive. The position of an attribute with respect to its head

word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and

partly on stylistic factors.

Appositionhas been often regarded as a special kind of attribute, and

sometimes as a secondary part of a sentence distinct from an attribute. Apposition

is a word or phrase referring to a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, and

explaining and specifying its meaning by giving it another name. Appositions are

usually expressed by nouns.

The major problem concerning the secondary sentence parts is caused by the

fact that characteristic features of each of the three types are not clearly defined,

therefore describing a given word or phrase as an object or an attribute in some

cases, or describing it as an object or an adverbial modifier, in others, often proves

to be a matter of personal opinion or predilection.

There are some elements of the sentence which are neither its main parts,

nor any of the usual secondary ones. They are the direct address and the

parenthesis. (Refer to the book by Ilyish for more information).


Date: 2015-12-17; view: 2223


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