CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN 45 page

and unbearable for him to look. But in the end there was much that

surprised him and he began, as it were involuntarily, to notice much

that he had not suspected before. What surprised him most of all was

the terrible impossible gulf that lay between him and all the rest. They

seemed to be a different species, and he looked at them and they at

him with distrust and hostility. He felt and knew the reasons of his

isolation, but he would never have admitted till then that those reasons

were so deep and strong. There were some Polish exiles, political

prisoners, among them. They simply looked down upon all the rest as

ignorant churls; but Raskolnikov could not look upon them like that.

He saw that these ignorant men were in many respects far wiser than the

Poles. There were some Russians who were just as contemptuous, a former

officer and two seminarists. Raskolnikov saw their mistake as clearly.

He was disliked and avoided by everyone; they even began to hate him at

last--why, he could not tell. Men who had been far more guilty despised

and laughed at his crime.

"You're a gentleman," they used to say. "You shouldn't hack about with

an axe; that's not a gentleman's work."

The second week in Lent, his turn came to take the sacrament with his

gang. He went to church and prayed with the others. A quarrel broke out

one day, he did not know how. All fell on him at once in a fury.

"You're an infidel! You don't believe in God," they shouted. "You ought

to be killed."

He had never talked to them about God nor his belief, but they wanted to

kill him as an infidel. He said nothing. One of the prisoners rushed at

him in a perfect frenzy. Raskolnikov awaited him calmly and silently;

his eyebrows did not quiver, his face did not flinch. The guard

succeeded in intervening between him and his assailant, or there would

have been bloodshed.

There was another question he could not decide: why were they all so

fond of Sonia? She did not try to win their favour; she rarely met

them, sometimes only she came to see him at work for a moment. And yet

everybody knew her, they knew that she had come out to follow _him_,

knew how and where she lived. She never gave them money, did them no

particular services. Only once at Christmas she sent them all presents

of pies and rolls. But by degrees closer relations sprang up between

them and Sonia. She would write and post letters for them to their

relations. Relations of the prisoners who visited the town, at their

instructions, left with Sonia presents and money for them. Their wives

and sweethearts knew her and used to visit her. And when she visited

Raskolnikov at work, or met a party of the prisoners on the road, they

all took off their hats to her. "Little mother Sofya Semyonovna, you

are our dear, good little mother," coarse branded criminals said to that

frail little creature. She would smile and bow to them and everyone was

delighted when she smiled. They even admired her gait and turned round

to watch her walking; they admired her too for being so little, and, in

fact, did not know what to admire her most for. They even came to her

for help in their illnesses.

He was in the hospital from the middle of Lent till after Easter. When

he was better, he remembered the dreams he had had while he was feverish

and delirious. He dreamt that the whole world was condemned to a

terrible new strange plague that had come to Europe from the depths of

Asia. All were to be destroyed except a very few chosen. Some new sorts

of microbes were attacking the bodies of men, but these microbes were

endowed with intelligence and will. Men attacked by them became at once

mad and furious. But never had men considered themselves so intellectual

and so completely in possession of the truth as these sufferers, never

had they considered their decisions, their scientific conclusions, their

moral convictions so infallible. Whole villages, whole towns and peoples

went mad from the infection. All were excited and did not understand

one another. Each thought that he alone had the truth and was wretched

looking at the others, beat himself on the breast, wept, and wrung

his hands. They did not know how to judge and could not agree what to

consider evil and what good; they did not know whom to blame, whom

to justify. Men killed each other in a sort of senseless spite. They

gathered together in armies against one another, but even on the march

the armies would begin attacking each other, the ranks would be broken

and the soldiers would fall on each other, stabbing and cutting, biting

and devouring each other. The alarm bell was ringing all day long in

the towns; men rushed together, but why they were summoned and who was

summoning them no one knew. The most ordinary trades were abandoned,

because everyone proposed his own ideas, his own improvements, and they

could not agree. The land too was abandoned. Men met in groups, agreed

on something, swore to keep together, but at once began on something

quite different from what they had proposed. They accused one another,

fought and killed each other. There were conflagrations and famine. All

men and all things were involved in destruction. The plague spread and

moved further and further. Only a few men could be saved in the whole

world. They were a pure chosen people, destined to found a new race and

a new life, to renew and purify the earth, but no one had seen these

men, no one had heard their words and their voices.

Raskolnikov was worried that this senseless dream haunted his memory so

miserably, the impression of this feverish delirium persisted so long.

The second week after Easter had come. There were warm bright spring

days; in the prison ward the grating windows under which the sentinel

paced were opened. Sonia had only been able to visit him twice during

his illness; each time she had to obtain permission, and it was

difficult. But she often used to come to the hospital yard, especially

in the evening, sometimes only to stand a minute and look up at the

windows of the ward.

One evening, when he was almost well again, Raskolnikov fell asleep. On

waking up he chanced to go to the window, and at once saw Sonia in the

distance at the hospital gate. She seemed to be waiting for someone.

Something stabbed him to the heart at that minute. He shuddered and

moved away from the window. Next day Sonia did not come, nor the day

after; he noticed that he was expecting her uneasily. At last he was

discharged. On reaching the prison he learnt from the convicts that

Sofya Semyonovna was lying ill at home and was unable to go out.

He was very uneasy and sent to inquire after her; he soon learnt that

her illness was not dangerous. Hearing that he was anxious about her,

Sonia sent him a pencilled note, telling him that she was much better,

that she had a slight cold and that she would soon, very soon come and

see him at his work. His heart throbbed painfully as he read it.

Again it was a warm bright day. Early in the morning, at six o'clock, he

went off to work on the river bank, where they used to pound alabaster

and where there was a kiln for baking it in a shed. There were only

three of them sent. One of the convicts went with the guard to the

fortress to fetch a tool; the other began getting the wood ready and

laying it in the kiln. Raskolnikov came out of the shed on to the river

bank, sat down on a heap of logs by the shed and began gazing at the

wide deserted river. From the high bank a broad landscape opened before

him, the sound of singing floated faintly audible from the other bank.

In the vast steppe, bathed in sunshine, he could just see, like black

specks, the nomads' tents. There there was freedom, there other men were

living, utterly unlike those here; there time itself seemed to stand

still, as though the age of Abraham and his flocks had not passed.

Raskolnikov sat gazing, his thoughts passed into day-dreams, into

contemplation; he thought of nothing, but a vague restlessness excited

and troubled him. Suddenly he found Sonia beside him; she had come up

noiselessly and sat down at his side. It was still quite early; the

morning chill was still keen. She wore her poor old burnous and the

green shawl; her face still showed signs of illness, it was thinner and

paler. She gave him a joyful smile of welcome, but held out her hand

with her usual timidity. She was always timid of holding out her hand

to him and sometimes did not offer it at all, as though afraid he would

repel it. He always took her hand as though with repugnance, always

seemed vexed to meet her and was sometimes obstinately silent throughout

her visit. Sometimes she trembled before him and went away deeply

grieved. But now their hands did not part. He stole a rapid glance

at her and dropped his eyes on the ground without speaking. They were

alone, no one had seen them. The guard had turned away for the time.

How it happened he did not know. But all at once something seemed to

seize him and fling him at her feet. He wept and threw his arms round

her knees. For the first instant she was terribly frightened and she

turned pale. She jumped up and looked at him trembling. But at the same

moment she understood, and a light of infinite happiness came into her

eyes. She knew and had no doubt that he loved her beyond everything and

that at last the moment had come....

They wanted to speak, but could not; tears stood in their eyes. They

were both pale and thin; but those sick pale faces were bright with the

dawn of a new future, of a full resurrection into a new life. They were

renewed by love; the heart of each held infinite sources of life for the

heart of the other.

They resolved to wait and be patient. They had another seven years to

wait, and what terrible suffering and what infinite happiness before

them! But he had risen again and he knew it and felt it in all his

being, while she--she only lived in his life.

On the evening of the same day, when the barracks were locked,

Raskolnikov lay on his plank bed and thought of her. He had even fancied

that day that all the convicts who had been his enemies looked at him

differently; he had even entered into talk with them and they answered

him in a friendly way. He remembered that now, and thought it was bound

to be so. Wasn't everything now bound to be changed?

He thought of her. He remembered how continually he had tormented her

and wounded her heart. He remembered her pale and thin little face.

But these recollections scarcely troubled him now; he knew with what

infinite love he would now repay all her sufferings. And what were all,

_all_ the agonies of the past! Everything, even his crime, his sentence

and imprisonment, seemed to him now in the first rush of feeling an

external, strange fact with which he had no concern. But he could not

think for long together of anything that evening, and he could not have

analysed anything consciously; he was simply feeling. Life had stepped

into the place of theory and something quite different would work itself

out in his mind.

Under his pillow lay the New Testament. He took it up mechanically.

The book belonged to Sonia; it was the one from which she had read the

raising of Lazarus to him. At first he was afraid that she would worry

him about religion, would talk about the gospel and pester him with

books. But to his great surprise she had not once approached the subject

and had not even offered him the Testament. He had asked her for it

himself not long before his illness and she brought him the book without

a word. Till now he had not opened it.

He did not open it now, but one thought passed through his mind: "Can

her convictions not be mine now? Her feelings, her aspirations at

least...."

She too had been greatly agitated that day, and at night she was taken

ill again. But she was so happy--and so unexpectedly happy--that she was

almost frightened of her happiness. Seven years, _only_ seven years! At

the beginning of their happiness at some moments they were both ready

to look on those seven years as though they were seven days. He did not

know that the new life would not be given him for nothing, that he would

have to pay dearly for it, that it would cost him great striving, great

suffering.

But that is the beginning of a new story--the story of the gradual

renewal of a man, the story of his gradual regeneration, of his passing

from one world into another, of his initiation into a new unknown life.

That might be the subject of a new story, but our present story is

ended.

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN

Exercise 1. Make sure you know all the words in the box. Then read their definitions and match the words with their definitions.

1. An accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society or a community.

2. A set of beliefs or customs that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people.

3. The customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group.

4. The house or area where a person was born, especially a famous person.

5. A work of art that is an excellent, or the best, example of the artist's work.

6. The history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character.

Exercise 2. Read the following words and guess their meanings. Mind the stress.

National, tradition, culture, demonstrate, concentrate, intellectual, literary, artist, composer, illustration, paradise, archaeological, symbol, absolutely, drama, classic, ballet, promenade, conservatism, innovation, ceremony.

Exercise 3. Make adjectives from the given nouns using suffixes: -al, -ary, -ic, ive.

Nation, culture, intellect, literature, poetry, archaeology, science, history, drama, profession, classics, conservatism.

Exercise 4. Mind the meanings of the following derivatives. Put them into the sentences below.

To consider→ consideration → (in)considerable → (in)considerate → considerably→ considerately → considering → considered.

1. He was …… an appeal. 2. This award is …… to be a great honor. 3. He …… himself an expert on the subject. 4. He stood there, …… the painting. 5. You should …… other people before you act. 6. Careful …… should be given to issues of health and safety. 7. The proposals are currently under …… . 8. Taking everything into …… , the event was a great success. 9. Damage to the building was ….. . 10. She is always polite and …… towards her employees. 11. She drives carefully and …… . 12. Interest rates on bank loans have increased ……. in recent years. 13. We have spent a not …….amount of money on the project already. 14. It was ……. of you not to call.

Exercise 5. Form the degrees of comparison.

Model: nice – nicer – the nicest; beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful.

a) great, huge, young, old, tidy;

b) famous, important, notorious, popular, enormous, profitable, convincing, meaningful;

c) good, many(much), late.

Exercise 6. Make the sentences according to the model.

Model: The British museum is worth visiting.

The book / reading; the film / seeing; the fact / mentioning; the dish / eating; the topic / discussing; the place / visiting; the game / playing; the opinion / taking into account.

Exercise 7. Write down the following words and phrases and learn them.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text.

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN

National traditions are considered to be a part of a nation's culture and should be regarded inseparably from it. Culture of any nation demonstrates its state of intellectual development, it reflects its spirit, its life - past and present - its hopes for the future. Culture means literary and musical heritage of a country, its famous artists, writers, poets, composers and so on.

The best illustration of British long-living traditions can be found in their literature, which presents a great diversity and is well known all over the world thanks to such names as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wild, Ethel Lillian Voynich, George Bernard Shaw, Jonathan Swift, John Kits and many others. Scotland is the birthplace of many famous men of literature and Robert Burns is probably the greatest poet of all. Whenever we speak about Scotland, the name of Robert Burns is always here as the ever-living and never-dying symbol of this country.

The 25 of January, his birthday, is celebrated annually by lovers of poetry in many countries of the world and especially in Scotland.

A huge part of British cultural wealth is concentrated in its numerous museums which present a paradise for museum-lovers. In London, for instance the art galleries and museums contain collections of objects of archaeological, scientific, historical and general interest. They are the British Museum, the Science Museum, the national Gallery, the Tate gallery, the National Portrait Gallery and many others. The British Museum contains the most important collections and is absolutely worth visiting. The Waxworks Museum of madam Tussaud has the most famous exhibition of waxwork models of famous and notorious people in the world. Here one can see models of the Royal family, Agatha Christie, the Beatles and others.

In Great Britain drama is so popular with people of all ages that there are several thousand amateur dramatic societies. Now Britain has about 300 professional theatres. Regular seasons of opera and ballet are given at the Royal Opera House, Convent Garden in London. The National Theatre stages modern and classic plays, the Royal Shakespeare company produces plays mainly by Shakespeare and his contemporaries when it performs in Stratford-on-Avon. London as well as other British cities is full of cinemas and cinema clubs. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a considerable number of people.

Though classical music is a minority interest in Great Britain, London is said to be a very musical capital. The Royal Opera House is internationally known for its opera and ballet productions as well as for its dancers and singers. There are three concert halls near the National Theatre in London: the Queen Elizabeth Hall, Royal Festival Hall and the Purcell Room. In summer there are sometimes one or two open-air rock concerts in Hyde Park. Every summer, from July to September, concerts are held in Royal Albeit Hall, including famous Promenade concerts where serious music-lovers stand in the arena or in the top gallery.

Rock and pop music is extremely popular, especially among young people. In the 60s, 70s and later groups such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, Eurhythmies, Black Sabbath and others became very popular and succeeded. In the 60s British musicians had a great influence on the development of music. They were responsible for several innovations which were then adopted by popular musicians in the USA and the rest of the world. Since that time pop music in Britain has been an enormous and profitable industry. It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrew Lloyd Weber, the author of some operas and musicals, the masterpieces of the contemporary rock and pop: "Jesus Christ Super Star", "The Phantom of the Opera", "Cats", etc.

It is a matter of a common knowledge that the English, the Scottish, the Welsh and the Irish have their own traditions which they have been keeping for many centuries so far. They have been very serious about cultivating them and this fact seems to be one of the most convincing features which demonstrate the conservatism of these nations. In fact, the British don't like anything new: they prefer to keep doing things the way they have been doing them for centuries. English countryside with tidy houses and immaculately arranged gardens is vivid illustration of these nations' great love for gardening. Milkmen delivering milk in the morning, five-o'clock tea, the Changing of the Guard in front of Buckingham palace and other colourful ceremonies are the manifestation of this country's importance and solemnity. By of all its traditions the Queen is definitely the most meaningful.

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents.

Интеллектуальное развитие, отражать дух, литературное и музыкальное наследие, долгоживущие традиции, вечноживой, неумирающий, рай для любителей музеев, прославленный, любительское драматическое объединение, ставить пьесы, поход в кино, проводить концерт, любители музыки, оказывать влияние, отвечать за, прибыльная промышленность, достойный посещения(упоминания), шедевр, общеизвестно, хранить и развивать традиции, убедительные черты, смена караула, проявление торжественности.

Exercise 10. Put the following adverbs into the sentences given below.

1. National traditions should be regarded……from nation's culture. 2. Robert Burns is …… the greatest poet of all. 3. The 25 of January, his birthday, is celebrated ….. by lovers of poetry. 4. The British Museum is ….. worth visiting. 5. The Royal Shakespeare company produces plays ….. by Shakespeare and his contemporaries. 6. The Royal Opera House is ….. known for its opera and ballet productions. 7. Rock and pop music is ….. popular. 8. English people have tidy houses and ….. arranged gardens. 9. The Queen is ….. the most meaningful of all traditions.

Exercise 11. Fill in the gabs with the preposition.

1. National traditions are considered … be a part of a nation's culture. 2. British literature is well known all … the world thanks … talented writers. 3. A huge part of British cultural wealth is concentrated … its numerous museums. 4. In Great Britain drama is so popular … people of all ages. 5. Cinema-going is a regular habit … a considerable number of people. 6. Rock and pop music is popular, especially … young people. 7. In the 60s British musicians had a great influence … the development of music. 8. They were responsible … several innovations which were then adopted … popular musicians in the USA and the rest of the world. 9. Tidy houses and immaculately arranged gardens is vivid illustration of these nations' great love … gardening.

Exercise 12. Answer the questions.

1. What is a national culture? What does it include and demonstrate?

2. What are the best illustrations of British long-living traditions?

3. What British writers do you know?

4. Why is Britain a paradise for museum-lovers?

5. Are the British theatre-goers?

6. What music do they prefer?

7. What examples prove the conservatism of the nation?

Part II

Date: 2014-12-29; view: 1315