![]() CATEGORIES: BiologyChemistryConstructionCultureEcologyEconomyElectronicsFinanceGeographyHistoryInformaticsLawMathematicsMechanicsMedicineOtherPedagogyPhilosophyPhysicsPolicyPsychologySociologySportTourism |
OE Verb. Grammatical categories and morphologiacal classification.In Finite Forms they were: mood (3), tense (2), number (2), person(3). 1) There were 3 moods: Ind, Subj, Imp. They had approximately the same meanings which they have today with the exception of the Subj Mood, which was frequently used to express a problematic action and was found in indirect speech. It was much more often than in the Present. 2) The OE verbs had 2 tenses: the Present and the Past. The present form was used to denote both tenses present and future (..to denote Pr and Future actions as in other Germanic langeages). There were no analytical forms, only inflexion. Futurity was shown lexically with the help of adverbial modifiers and the context. It is true that in OE there were combinations with the verbs: sculan (shall), willan (will), but they had there own lexical meaning. They were not auxiliary verbs. From these constructions the future forms (the future tense was) were formed later. 3) The category of person was represented only in the Indicative sg and in the Imperative in OE. There was no indication of person in the Ind pl or in the Subj forms. (One form for all persons.) Three persons were distinguished only in the present tense of the Ind Mood. 4) The Ind and Subj had 2 numbers in both tenses. The Imp Mood also distinguished 2 numbers. No dual number. At that time they were ?homonymous? forms. In the Subj M the past and the present pl were the same and also in the sg present and past. In the Indicative they were homonymous forms in the sing and plural. Lōcian (look) wv2 (weak verb class 2). Tense Mood Strong and weak verbs II. Verbal Paradigms:As in every other Gmc. language, the Old English verbal system had two principle divisions: the strong verbs (whose past-tense forms were formed via vowel gradation) and the weak verbs (whose past-tense forms were built by means of a suffix). In the Old English verbal system, moreover, there are only two tenses: past and non-past (i.e. present and future), there was no inflected passive voice (except the past passive hatte 'was called' < h'tan), three moods (indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Verbs are inflected for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular and plural) in addition to tense. Dual subjects are treated as plurals. There are two participles, a present and a past. 4."Weak" Verb classes: In contrast to the strong verbs and their ablaut, the weak verbs are primarily identified by the fact that they form the past tense by means of a suffix. The weak verbs, however, are further divided into three classes, depending on the relation ship between the infinitive and the past tense forms. In Wk. Class I, the infinitive ends in either -an or -ian, and always has an umlauted stem vowel, and the preterite suffix is either -ed- or -d-. Wk. Class II verbs, on the other hand, have infinitives which always end in -ian, but do not have umlauted stem vowels, and the preterite suffix is always -od-. The third class of weak verbs contains only four verbs: habban 'to have', libban 'to live', secgan 'to say', and hycgan 'to think'. 5. The verb 'to be' in Old English. Among all the anomolous verbs in OE, the most necessary, and most anomolous is 'to be', owing to the fact that it reflects three different PIE roots: *es- 'to be', *bh+- 'to become', and *wes- 'to remain, dwell'. The forms from *es- and the forms from *bh+- are distinguished from one another in that the b- forms can have a sense of futurity to them. Strong verbs Verbs are known as "strong" which form their preterite tenses by means of a change in the stem-vowel, i.e. by "ablaut". Many of these changes still exist in modern English, reflected in verbs such as sing (past tense sang, past participle sung). There are seven classes of strong verb in Old English, denoted on Wiktionary with Roman numerals. Each class has a different ablaut-series (though confusingly, there are three types of Class III). Class I ī ‧ ā ‧ i ‧ i eg scīnan, 1st pret scān, pret pl scinon, past ppl scinen Class II ēo ‧ ēa ‧ u ‧ o eg ċēosan, 1st pret ċēas, pret pl curon, past ppl coren Class III IIIa: i ‧ a ‧ u ‧ u eg bindan, 1st pret band, pret pl bundon, past ppl bunden IIIb: e/eo ‧ ea ‧ u ‧ o eg helpan, 1st pret healp, pret pl hulpon, past ppl holpen IIIc: e ‧ æ ‧ u ‧ o eg bregdan, 1st pret brægd, pret pl brugdon, past ppl brogden Class IV e ‧ æ ‧ ǣ ‧ o eg beran, 1st pret bær, pret pl bǣron, past ppl boren Class V e ‧ æ ‧ ǣ ‧ e eg cweþan, 1st pret cwæþ, pret pl cwǣdon, past ppl cweden Class VI a ‧ ō ‧ ō ‧ a eg standan, 1st pret stōd, pret pl stōdon, past ppl standen Class VII ea ‧ ēo ‧ ēo ‧ ea eg healdan, 1st pret hēold, pret pl hēoldon, past ppl healden Weak verbs Weak verbs are more predictable. They form their preterite tense by adding -de in the singular and -don in the plural. This is the root of the common English past-tense suffix -ed. Weak verbs are often formed from nouns, or are in general "newer" words. There are three classes of weak verb, denoted on Wiktionary with Arabic numerals. Class 1 are weak verbs have an infinitive ending in -an or -rian. Third-person singular present ends in -eþ, and present plural ends in -aþ. Class 2 are weak verbs have an infinitive ending in -ian (except -rian, above). Their third-person present singular ending is -aþ, like Class 1 plurals. Class 2 present plurals end in -iaþ. Class 3 are weak verbs are more unpredictable, and often combine features of the first two weak classes. There are four Class 3 verbs: habban, libban, secgan and hycgan.
Date: 2015-12-17; view: 1623
|