I haven’t heard anyone call me.
I saw Brown enter the room.
I felt the blood rush into my cheeks.
NB! a) when the action expressed by a complex object is in progress, Participle I is used:
I saw Brown entering the room;
b) if the verb to see means ‘to understand’, it is followed by a clause:
I saw that he didn’t realize the danger
Peter was heard to laugh loudly.
The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.
She was noticed to cut a rose from the flowerbed.
NB! When the action expressed by a complex subject is in progress, Participle I is used:
The rider was seen disappearing in the distance.
2. Verbs denoting mental activity
I know you to be the most honest creature that ever lived.
Everybody expected her to marry Pete.
The teacher supposed us to finish the task by that time.
NB! With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive:
e. g. John thought her beautiful.
She found the subject rather interesting.
You consider yourself an impressive person, eh?
He was thought to be honest and kindly.
My father is considered by many to be a great man.The manuscript is believed to have been written in the 15th century.
3. Verbs of compulsion.
Steps in the gravel made him turn his head.
The noise caused her to awake.
I cannot get her to finish her lessons.
Little Peter was aroused and made to put on his clothes.
He was forced to sign the documents.
She was compelled to tell a lie because her mother was in danger.
4. Verbs of declaring.
The doctors pronouncedhim fit to go back to work.
The court declared the law to be unconstitutional.
They were reported to be safe.He claims to be the best runner in the class.
He was pronounced(to be) dead upon arrival at the hospital.
5. Verbs denoting wish and intention.
5. With word-groups
I want you to come and dine with me.
She desired me to follow her upstairs.
I didn’t mean you to learn the poem by heart.
I wish those books to be returned tonight.
He intended me to go with him to India.
I don’t choose you to go there on your own.
to be likely, to be sure, to be certainHe is likely to be late from the party.
Peter is sure to marry her.
This fire is certain to produce a panic in the morning.
6. Verbs & expressions denoting feelings/emotions
to seem / to appear, to happen / to chance, to prove / to turn outHe seems to know French well.
She seemed to forget her promise.
The weather appears to be improving.
I happened to be there at that time.
By 11 o’clock her mother had chanced to look into her room. He proved to be a good friend.
The experiment proved to be a failure.
They all turned out to be good fighters.
I dislike you to talk like that.
I hate him to be punished.
I cannot bear you to speak about Emily.
I love you to sing that song.
7. Verbs of order and permission
He suffered Florence to play with Paul.
She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room.
NB! Only if the object expressed by a noun / pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive:
The dean allowed / ordered the time-table to be changed.
The teacher ordered the room to be aired.
8. C. O. used with prepositions
6. C. S. used with prepositions
He waited for her to speak.
He asked for papers to be brought.
She was impatient for Erick to leave.
We waited for John to start speaking.
I rely on you to come / coming in time.
It is shame for me to beg.
I think it is advisable for me to do my homework by next class.It will be very pleasant for us to spend a weekend at Stuart's.
Virus History
Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980s, and they came about because of several factors. The first factor was the spread of personal computers (PCs). Prior to the 1980s, home computers were nearly non-existent or they were toys. Real computers were rare, and they were locked away for use by "experts." During the 1980s, real computers started to spread to businesses and homes because of the popularity of the IBM PC (released in 1982) and the Apple Macintosh (released in 1984). By the late 1980s, PCs were widespread in businesses, homes and college campuses.
The second factor was the use of computer bulletin boards. People could dial up a bulletin board with a modem and download programs of all types. Games were extremely popular, and so were simple word processors, spreadsheets and other productivity software. Bulletin boards led to the precursor of the virus known as the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a program with a cool- sounding name and description. So you download it. When you run the program, however, it does something uncool like erasing your disk. You think you are getting a neat game, but it wipes out your system Trojan horses only hit a small number of people because they are quickly discovered, the infected programs are removed and word of the danger spreads among users.
The third factor that led to the creation of viruses was the floppy disk. In the 1980s, programs were small, and you could fit the entire operating system, a few programs and some documents onto a floppy disk or two. Many computers did not have hard disks, so when you turned on your machine it would load the operating system and everything else from the floppy disk. Virus authors took advantage of this to create the first self-replicating programs.
Early viruses were pieces of code attached to a common program like a popular game or a popular word processor. A person might download an infected game from a bulletin board and run it. A virus like this is a small piece of code embedded in a larger, legitimate program. When the user runs the legitimate program, the virus loads itself into memory and looks around to see J if it can find any other programs on the disk. If it can find one, it modifies the program to add the virus's code into the program. Then the virus launches the "real program." The user really has no way to know that the virus ever ran. Unfortunately, the virus has now reproduced itself so two programs are infected. The next time the user launches either of those programs, they infect other programs, and the cycle continues.
If one of the infected programs is given to another person on a floppy disk, or if it is uploaded to a bulletin board, then other programs get infected. This is how the virus spreads.
