Nausea and vomitingFunctional and organic diseases of esophagus and stomach in children
Question: what is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
It is the backward movement of gastric content across the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) into the esophagus.
Question: what are the risk factors of GERD?
ü prolonged gastric emptying (persistent constipation)
ü obesity
ü pregnancy
ü hiatal hernia
ü trauma
ü transient LES relaxation - nocturnal, postprandial
question: what is the pathophysiology of GERD?
1. Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter
2. Reflux of gastric content into esophagus leads to esophagitis and other postinflammatory conditions of intestinal and respiratory mucosa
Question: name the signs and symptoms of GERD?
1. Heartburns: retrosternal burning pain, may start in abdomen and extend up into the neck
2. regurgitation - appearance of refluxed liquid in the oral cavity
Globus syndrome
4. respiratory symptoms –atypical symptoms connected to asthma, hoarseness, hiccough
nausea and vomiting
Question: what is the criterion of diagnosis of GERD?
1. History
2. Endoscopy (esophagogastroscopy)
3. 24 hours pH monitoring of esophagus
4. Barium meal swallow
5. X-ray
6. Manometry of LES
Question: what is the principle of treatment of GERD?
ü proton pump inhibitors (omeprazol)
ü H2 antagonists (ranitidine)
ü Antacids (aluminium hydroxide)
ü Positioning measures are particularly important for infants, who cannot control their positions independently
ü surgical and endocsopic procedures
Question: what is the complication of GERD?
- chronic esophagitis àerosive changes
- strictures àDYSPHAGIA
- Barret’s esopgagus
a. dysplasia
b. adenocarcinoma
Question: what is chronic gastritis?
It is a prolonged inflammation of the stomach
Question: what is the classification of gastritis?
- According to etiology
i. Autoimmune gastritis/ type A gastritis
ii. Bacterial gastritis (H. pylori)/type B gastritis
iii. Chemical gastritis (bile reflux, NSAIDs)/type C
Question: what is gastroduodenitis?
It is the inflammation of the stomach and the duodenum
Question: what is the classification of gastroduodenitis?
- According to clinical form
i. Acute
ii. chronic
- According to special features
i. Granulomatous
ii. eosinophilous
- According to etiology
i. Autoimmune
ii. Bacteria (H. pylori)
iii. Chemical ( bile reflux, NSAIDs)
iv. Reactive
v. idiopathic
- According to localization
i. Antral
ii. Fundal
iii. Pangastritis
iv. Duodenitis
- According to endoscopic findings
i. Superficial
ii. Erosive
iii. Hemorrhagic
iv. Atrophic and
v. Hyperplasic
- According to histology
i. Superficial
ii. Without atrophy of glands
iii. With atrophy of glands
iv. Atrophic
v. Intestinal metaplasia
- According to secretion
i. normal
ii. Increased
iii. decreased
- According to periods
i. Exacerbation
ii. Nonful clinical remission
iii. Full clinical remission
iv. Clinical, endoscopic morphological remission
v. Mild
vi. Moderate
vii. Severe
Question: what is peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?
It is the ulceration of the GIT lining especially the stomach and duodenum
Question: what is the etiology of PUD?
1. Helicobacter pylori
2. NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.)
3. Heredity
4. Smoking
5. Association with other diseases or known factors (COPD, cor pulmonale, cirrhosis, chronic renal failure)
6. Stress
7. Alcohol abuse
Question: what is the pathogenesis of PUD?
An ulcer forms when there is an imbalance between
- Aggressive factors (e.g. hydrochloric acid and pepsin) and
- Defense factors (mucus, good blood supply, tight-junctions of mucosa)
1. Helicobacter pylori infection
2. Colonization of gastric mucous
3. Urease àammonia àneutralization of acid à Rebound acid production.
4. Protease – Mucous break down.
5. Weak mucosal resistance
6. Acid & Pepsin digestion of mucosa
7. Chronic Ulceration
Question: what is the classification of PUD?
I. according to phase of disease:
-Acute
-Uncomplete remission
-Remission
II. according to course of disease:
-mild
-moderate
- Severe.
III. according to localization:
-stomach
-duodenum
-stomach + duodenum
-gastroenteroanostomosis
IV. according to Association with Helicobacter pylori:
- H. pylori – associated
- H. pylori – not associated
V. Complications
-Hemorrhage
-Perforation
-Penetration
-Pyloristenosis
-Malignancy
Question: name the signs and symptoms of PUD
1. The typical pain-food-relief syndrome.
2. Chronic abdominal pain, especially when the stomach is empty, during the night or early morning.
3. Recurrent vomiting after meals.
4. Chronic anemia with occult blood in the stools
5. Heartburns
6. Constipation or diarrhea
Question: what is the difference between gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Gastric ulcer
| Duodenal ulcer
| - Pain starts during eating or 30 mins after eating
- Coffee color vomitus
- Most common cause is NSAIDs use, bile reflux and H. pylori
- It may be malignant
- Less common than duodenal ulcer
| Pain starts 2-3hours after eating , and usually at night
- Melena stools
- Risk factors are smoking , NSAIDs, COPD, cirrhosis
- It mostly occurs in the first part of duodenum, 50% are on anterior wall
- More common 4 times than gastric ulcers
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Question: what is the plan of investigation of PUD?
- Total blood count
- Biochemical analysis
3. Urinalysis, Diastase of urine
- Coprogram
5. Hidden blood in feces
- ECG
- Endoscopy+biopsy+ Histology
8. Diagnosis of HP infection
- X-ray
- USD
11. pH-metry
Question: what is the treatment of PUD?
- antibiotics (clarithromycin, amoxycillin)
- antisecretory drugs:
- proton pump inhibitors
- h2 receptor antagonists
- antacids (almagel, maalox)
- gastrocytoprotectors
- drugs, which improve motor function of stomach (cerucal, motilium, eglonil); spasmolytics
Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1042
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