List of Academic Vocabulary Used for Writing Abstracts, Making Summaries and Preparing Reports.
As the title implies the article describes
The author concentrates on
He (she) presents a general picture of
The description of is based on
The article seems to be of particular interest to an audience of (interested in chemistry, mathematics, physics ) students.
The asserted purpose of the present paper is to answer the question
In the attempt to give an account of the author offers a survey of modern interpretation of the problem
The paper acquaints the reader with the efforts of theorists (theoreticians) to define .
Though the paper is the general reader will find a wealth of information which makes the article attractive and useful
The paper discusses the application of
The reader will find the book (research article, volume) useful (helpful, interesting, attractive) of particular (special, great, interest) importance (significance, value).
In the reviewed book (paper) the method (theory, discussion, treatment) of is presented.
The purpose (aim, object) of the book (publication, paper, article, monthly, journal) under review (discussion, consideration) is to survey, explain, describe, provide, to examine, give )
The scope (object) of the journal is (aims at providing a broad view of the subject) a critical review of, to publish important and topical results or fundamental research in the field of
Opposite views on open a range of hypotheses which can explain the phenomenon.
is presented by 2 points of view that and the more prevalent view that
No view is discredited, both are supported by
The attempts are made
However, preference is given to the belief that
The paper does not give information on the applicability of the theory used
The method proposed by is applicable to the actual analysis.
The same concepts apply to all forms of
The author discusses (considers, determines, outlines, gives, proves, solves, extends, derives the theory (examples, method, the development).
Footnotes to a table (the title) are indicated by (symbols)
The apparatus (the table) is shown, given in Figure I (Table II).
As can be seen from this figure (table) that
The measurements shown in Figure II illustrate
Results reproduced (introduced) in Table II show
The problem is stated (is discussed, has been discussed by)
References to are numbered (are indicated by)
Bibliography is a list of references (books, writings).
The subject field of a periodical embraces (covers, provides, encourages, is designed (to), is intended, is developed (to), is concerned with, is published for, contains, includes, combines, explores, examines, concerns, records, summarizes, suggests).
The concluding remark emphasizes that
In the reviewed paper the author has succeeded in showing (providing, presenting ) the
The method (procedure, approach, idea or result) seems to have practical interest (value) to
The method proves (permits, agrees with the measurement) is based on, is stated, is applied, is developed, is derived from, is outlined
However, the subject (applicability) is (seems) doubtful to
In spite of this method (the article) is (seems)
The author (editor, publisher, proofreader) is to blame for
The author failed to show (exhibit, provide, present, give a account of, direct our attention to )
The problem considered is the determination of
The (principal) results obtained (arrived at) confirm, show, lead to, coincide with )
Linking Words and Phrases Used in Written and Spoken Academic English
Personal opinion:
in my opinion/view, to my mind, to my way of thinking, I am convinced that, it strikes me that, it is my firm belief that, I am inclined to believe that, it seems to me that, as far as I am concerned, I think that...
To list advantages and disadvantages:
one advantage of, another advantage of, one other advantage of, a further advantage of, the main advantage of, the greatest advantage of, the first advantage of ...
one disadvantage of, another disadvantage of, one other disadvantage of, a further disadvantage of, the main disadvantage of, the greatest disadvantage of, the first disadvantage of
To list points:
firstly, first of all, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, finally, to start/begin with, .
To list points in a specific sequence:
beginning: first, to start/begin with, first of all, .
continuing: secondly, after this/that, afterwards, then, next,
concluding: finally, lastly, last but not least,
To add more points to the same topic:
what is more, furthermore, apart from this/that, in addition (to this), moreover, besides (this), not to mention the fact that
not only , but also ., both and .
To refer to other sources:
with reference to, according to
To express cause:
because, owing to the fact that, due to the fact that, on the grounds that, since, as ., in view of, because of, owing to ., ; for this reason ., seeing that ..., now that .
To express effect:
thus, therefore, so, consequently, as a result, as a consequence,
To express purpose:
, so that , , so as to / in order to , , in case , with the purpose/intention of .
To emphasise a point:
indeed, naturally, clearly, obviously, of course, needless to say, .
To express reality:
it is a fact that, in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact, the fact of the matter is (that), actually, in practice, indeed, .
To express the difference between appearance and reality:
initially, at first, .
To give examples:
for instance, for example, ., such as, like .., particularly, in particular, especially .
To make general statements:
as a (general) rule, by and large, generally, in general, on the whole,
To make partially correct statements:
up to a point, to a certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a sense, in a way, to a limited extent,
To express limit of knowledge:
to the best of my knowledge, as far as I know,
To state other peoples opinion:
it is popularly believed that, people often claim that, it is often alleged that, some people argue that, many argue that, most people feel that, some people point out that , contrary to popular belief,
To make contrasting points:
yet, however, nevertheless, but, even so, still, nonetheless, .
although, even though, regardless of the fact that, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, while .
To express balance (the other side of the argument):
opponents of argue, claim, believe that .
while it is true to say that , in fact .
the fact that contradicts the belief/idea that .
Negative addition:
neither nor ., nor, neither ., , either.
To express exception:
apart from, but, except (for) .
To clarify/rephrase:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, .
To express similarity:
; similarly,/likewise,/in the same way, .
To give an alternative:
either or .
on the other hand, alternatively, .
To express condition:
on the condition that, provided (that), providing (that), only if, as long as .
in the event of , in the event that, if ., in case ., whether (or not) ? otherwise, or (else) .
To express the consequence of a condition:
; consequently, then, so, in which case, .,
; if so, , if not, otherwise, .
To express comparison:
as as, more than, twice as as, less than .
To conclude:
finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account/consideration, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, on balance, for the above mentioned reasons, therefore I feel that, to sum up, .
Time:
when, whenever, before, until, till, after , since , while , now that .
Relatives:
who/that , whose , where , who/whom/that .
Reference:
regarding, concerning .
with respect/regard/reference to, in regard/reference to .
Summarising:
in short, briefly, to put it briefly, !
Functional Phrase List Used for Conducting Discussions, Debates, Giving Presentations
1. Starting a conversation/discussion
I see...
Well...
I say...
First...
First of all...
To begin with...
Look here ...
Talking (speaking) of, about...
Let me see (think)...
Just a minute (moment)...
That reminds me...
To come back to...
May I have my say? ...
In fact...
The fact is that...
On the one hand ..., on the other hand ...
And now for...
As far as I know...
2. Ending a conversation/discussion
To tell the truth ...
To sum up ...
Summarizing ...
Summing it up ...
On the whole ...
All in all...
In conclusion ...
Finally...
In the long run ...
In short...
To make (cut) a long story short ...
That's all (there is to it)...
For all I know ...
There it is ...
And so ...
So much for that...
Let's round off...
3. Expressing one's point of view
My own feeling is ...
I can quite (well easily) believe it (that)...
It's my opinion that...
In my opinion ...
I think (believe, suppose, maintain, feel, hope) that
To my mind ...
Personally, I...
I dare say...
To tell the truth ...
If you ask me ...
Do you mean to say ...?
What do you mean (think) ...?
I mean to say ...
What do you think of...?
What matters is ...
I want to press the point...
In any case ...
More than that...
I must admit...
I'm afraid ...
I'm tempted to agree ...
Discussing a topic
I should like to know ...
Could you possibly...?
Please ...
Could I trouble you for...?
Any questions?
Have you got any questions for Mr. N?
I have (got) some (several) questions ...
Just one question on this point (paper) ...
As to the question of Mr. N...
I would like to ask you about (whether) ...
May I ask a question?
Will (would) you say a few words about...?
I wonder whether (if) ...
In reply to your question ...
I'd like to say that...
I have (got) a few (several) comments about (on)...
I should mention that...
I should emphasize that...
The problem (article, paper) under discussion ...
I'd like to add a few words to ...
I realize that...
Do you follow me?
Do you take my point? I can't make up my mind where I stand on this. I am convinced that...
