Influential Organisations.

The UN

The term «United Nations» was coined by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, to refer to the Allies. Its first formal use was in January 1,1942 – Declaration by the United Nations, which committed the Allies to the principles of the Atlantic Charter and pledged them not to seek a separate peace with Axis powers. Thereafter, the Allies used the term «United Nations Fighting Forces» to refer to their alliance.

The idea for the United Nations was elaborated in declarations signed at the wartime – allied conferences in Moscow, Cairo, and Tehran in 1943. From August to October 1944, representatives of France, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the USSR met to elaborate the plans in Washington, D.C. Those and later talks produced proposals outlining the purposes of the organization, its membership and organs, as well as arrangements to maintain international peace and security and international economic and social cooperation. These proposals were discussed and debated by governments and private citizens worldwide.

On April 25,1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organizations began in San Francisco. In addition to the Governments, a number of non-government organizations were invited to assist in the drafting of the charter. The 50 nations represented at the conference signed the Charter of the United Nations two months later on June 26. Poland, which was not represented at the conference, but for which a place among the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original signatories to 51. The UN came into existence on October 24,1945, after the Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council — Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.

The United Nations headquarters building was constructed in New York City in 1950 beside the East River on land purchased by an 8.5 million dollar donation from John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer. The UN headquarters officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the principal headquarters of the UN are in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn.

UN membership is open to all peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and, in the judgement of the organization, and are able and willing to fulfil these obligations.

Essential vocabulary:

term — термин
to coin — выдумывать, замышлять
to refer — приписывать (чему-л.); иметь отношение, относиться; касаться; ссылаться, опираться

the Allies — союзники
formal — относящийся к внешней стороне (вопроса, проблемы), формальный; официальный
declaration — декларация, заявление
to commit — совершать, поручать; передавать законопроект в парламентскую комиссию
Atlantic Charter — зд. Североатлантический договор
to pledge — давать торжественное обещание; заверять, обещать, клясться
to seek (прош.вр. — sought; прич. прош. вр. — sought)— искать, разыскивать; разузнавать; добиваться, стремиться
separate peace — сепаратный мир
Axis powers — страны Оси (Германия с союзниками)
to elaborate — детально разрабатывать, обдумывать; конкретизировать, развивать, уточнять
to sign — подписывать(ся), ставить подпись; одобрить
talks — переговоры
proposal — предложение; план
to outline — нарисовать контур; очертить; обрисовать, наметить в общих чертах
purpose — цель
arrangement—договоренность, соглашение; разрешение (спора); урегулирование; приготовление
to maintain — поддерживать, защищать; содержать; поддерживать, подкреплять, не дать прекратиться
to debate — обсуждать, дискутировать, полемизировать; спорить (about, on, upon — о чём-л.; with — с кем-л.)

worldwide — общемировой, всемирный; во всем мире
to assist — помогать, содействовать, способствовать, оказывать помощь
to draft — писать черновик, делать прикидку, набросок; отбирать
to reserve — запасать, откладывать, беречь, сберегать, бронировать, заказывать заранее
existence — бытие, жизнь; существование
to ratify — ратифицировать; одобрять, санкционировать; утверждать; скреплять (подписью, печатью)
permanent — постоянный, неизменный; долговременный; перманентный
majority — большинство
headquarters — штаб; штаб-квартира
to construct — строить, сооружать; воздвигать; конструировать
beside — рядом с; близ, около
to purchase — приобретать, покупать; получать; заслуживать
donation — дар, подарок, подношение; денежное пожертвование
to design — задумывать, придумывать, разрабатывать; замышлять; намереваться

to locate — определять место, местонахождение; располагать в определенном месте; помещать
to accept — принимать, брать; соглашаться; допускать, признавать; принимать, мириться
obligation — гарантия, обязательство; обязанность; долг
the UN Charter — Устав ООН
judgement — приговор, решение, заключение суда; критика, оценка; осуждение
to will — проявлять волю; желать, хотеть; завещать, отписывать
to fulfill — выполнять; делать, исполнять, осуществлять, совершать; завершать, заканчивать

THE NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1949. Nowadays NATO headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.

Initially there were 12 members in the NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom and United States and it was created as the reaction on the USSR threat to occupy Western Europe. Firstly, it was intended so that if the USSR and its allies launched an attack against any of the NATO members, it would be treated as if it was an attack on all member states. This marked a significant change for the United States, which had traditionally favoured isolationist policies. Luckily, the feared invasion of Western Europe never came.

Greece and Turkey joined the initial 12 members of the organisation in February 1952. Germany joined as West Germany in 1955.

In 1966 Charles de Gaulle removes French armed forces from NATO's integrated military command to pursue its own nuclear defence programme. All non-French NATO troops are forced to leave France. This precipitates the relocation of the NATO Headquarters from Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium by October 16, 1967. However, France remained a member of NATO, notwithstanding it withdrew from the integrated military command. While the political headquarters are located in Brussels, the military headquarters, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), are located just south of Brussels, in the town of Mons.

Following France Greece also withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-Turkish tensions following the 1974 Cyprus dispute.

In 1978 NATO countries defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue detente. In 1982 Spain joins the alliance. On October 3, 1990, with the reunification of Germany, the former East Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. To secure Soviet approval of united Germany remaining in NATO, it is agreed that there will be no new foreign military bases in the east, and that nuclear weapons will not be permanently stationed there. On March 31, 1991 the Warsaw Pact comes to an end. It is officially dissolved on July 1, 1991. The Soviet Union collapses in December of the same year.

In 1994 NATO takes its first military action, shooting down two Bosnian Serb aircraft violating a UN no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO airstrikes the following year help bring the war in Bosnia to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement. In 1997 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, are invited to join NATO. They joined in 1999. The same year NATO sees its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it wages an 11-week bombing campaign against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, aimed at preventing the alleged ethnic cleansing of Albanians. It ends on June 11,1999, when Yugoslavian leader Slobodan Milosevic agrees to NATO's demands.

During the Prague summit in 2002, seven countries are invited to start talks in order to join the Alliance: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. The invited countries joined NATO on March 29, 2004. Further countries expressed the wish to join the alliance, including Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine and Croatia.

On March 29, 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined NATO. NATO Summit 2006 took place in Latvia.

Essential vocabulary:

treaty — договор, соглашение, конвенция
alliance — союз; альянс
defence — защита; оборона
collaboration — сотрудничество; участие, совместная работа (особ, в литературе, искусстве, науке)
to establish — основывать, учреждать; устанавливать, выяснять, определять
initially — в начальной стадии, в начале; в исходном положении
to occupy — захватывать, завоевывать, завладевать; оккупировать
to intend — намереваться (делать что-л.); планировать (что-л.)
to launch — запускать (спутник, ракету и т. п.); выпускать (снаряд); бросать, разразиться (об угрозе, обвинении и т. п.)
to treat — обращаться, обходиться, вести себя (по отношению к кому-л. как-л.)

significant — значительный, важный, существенный; знаменательный; многозначительный; выразительный
to favour — благоволить, быть благосклонным, оказывать внимание, оказывать протекцию; поддерживать (какую-л. из сторон)
to fear — бояться, страшиться, пугаться; предчувствовать (что-л. дурное), ожидать (несчастья); опасаться (for)
invasion — вторжение, нашествие, агрессия; набег; вмешательство; внезапное проникновение
to join — соединять, объединять, связывать, скреплять; присоединять; присоединяться (к кому-л.)
to remove — убирать, уносить; отодвигать; переезжать, изменять место жительства; уезжать; удалять, устранять
integrated military command — объединенное военное командование
to pursue — преследовать; следовать неотступно за; гнаться; бежать за; преследовать (цель); следовать намеченному курсу; искать, добиваться
nuclear defence programme — ядерная программа сдерживания, защиты
to force — оказывать давление, заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать; напрягать, перенапрягать, действовать на пределе сил; воен. брать; форсировать
to leave (прош. ер. — left; прич. прош. вр. — left) — покидать (кого-л.; какое-л. место); переезжать, уезжать .
to precipitate — бросать, швырять (с силой с большой высоты); низвергать, повергать; ввергать; торопить, ускорять, форсировать; подгонять
to remain — оставаться; оставаться, пребывать; жить, обитать, пребывать; находиться
to withdraw (прош. вр. — withdrew; прич. прош. вр. — withdrawn) — отдергивать (напр., руку); отнимать; забирать; отзывать; отводить (войска); ретироваться, удаляться, уходить
supreme — верховный; высший, главный, старший; высочайший; величайший
tension — напряжение, напряженное состояние, напряженность

Cyprus — Кипр

UNESCO

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was founded on 16 November 1945. Education, Social and Natural Science, Culture and Communication are the means to a far more ambitious goal: to build peace in the minds of men.

Today, UNESCO functions as a laboratory of ideas and a standard-setter to forge universal agreements on emerging ethical issues. The Organization also serves as a clearing house — for the dissemination and sharing of information and knowledge — while helping Member States to build their human and institutional capacities in diverse fields.

In short, UNESCO promotes international co-operation among its 191 Member States and six Associate Members in the fields of education, science, culture and communication.

UNESCO is working to create the conditions for genuine dialogue based upon respect for shared values and the dignity of each civilization and culture.

This role is critical, particularly in the face of terrorism, which constitutes an attack against humanity. The world urgently requires global visions of sustainable development based upon observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which lie at the heart of UNESCO's mission and activities.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 868