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Children With Special Needs

Education System in Russia

1. Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It probably has also one of the best eduction systems in the world producing a literacy rate (98%) exceeding most Western European countries.

Pre-schools in Russia

An overview of the pre-school system in Russia…

2. The public pre-school, or kindergarten, system in Russia is under the care of town authorities. Parents pay about 20 percent of the cost with the rest covered by the authorities. There are often not enough places so the child’s name is usually entered on to a waiting list almost immediately after birth.

The language used in public kindergartens is always Russian, but in the larger cities it is also possible to find private English-speaking day care centres.

 

3. Education is split into a compulsory Basic Education, and ongoing Higher Education.

Compulsory Basic Education

4. Basic general education lasts for nine years. Graduates of this level may continue their education at senior high school to receive secondary general education.

The academic year starts on 1 September and finishes around the end of May. June is dedicated to school exams.

The school day normally starts at 8 a.m. and finishes at 1 or 2 in the afternoon. Students generally attend class 5 days a week, although some schools require extra study on Saturdays.

A typical lesson lasts 40 - 45 minutes with a 5 -15 minute break in between. In primary school students have 4 classes a day. This increases to 5 or 6 classes a day in secondary school, and 6 or 7 at a senior high school.

A normal class consists of 20-30 students.

Subjects and Grades

5. Study program in schools is fixed. Unlike in some Western countries, children have no choice of study subjects. Some subjects are mandatory such as Russian literature, Russian language, Russian history, world history and the maths and sciences. In addition, there are specialized schools that concentrate on specific subjects.

Students are normally graded on a scale from 2 - 5, with 5 being the top grade. Each student has his or her “diary”; a personal book of academic achievements in which teachers record the given grades.

Private Schools

6. Private schools are relatively uncommon in Russia. Unlike state schools, private schools usually charge tuition fees.

Children With Special Needs

Traditionally in Russia, disabled children or those with special needs were educated in boarding schools or by visiting teachers at home. In recent years, an effort has been made to include children with special educational needs into mainstream schools.

7. Pupils may also enter an initial vocational school. Initial vocational schools include PTU (Professional’no-technicheskoe uchilische) which offer two years’ purely professional education and a Professional’ny Litsei which offer joint professional and secondary general education for three to four years and skilled workers’ training at different levels.



Graduates from a secondary general school may apply for entrance to a higher education institution. Secondary education leads to the award of the Attestat o Srednem (Polnom) Obshchem Obrasovanii (Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education).

8. Unified State Exam is an exam in the Russian Federation. It is in fact a series of exams every student must pass after graduation from school to enter a university or a professional college.

Structure

The task for each subject USE test consists of two parts I and II.

The I part contains tasks in which student must give a short written answer, usually several letters or numbers.

The II part contains one or several tasks in which student must use his creativity to complete them. Unlike the previous part, which are checked by a computer, the C part is checked by three experts of the regional examination committee.

Higher Education

9. Higher education is provided by public and non-public (non-State) accredited higher education institutions. There are two levels of higher education:

The Bakalavr’s (Bachelor’s) degree programmes last for at least 4 years of full-time university-level study. The programmes include professional and special courses in Science, the Humanities and Social-economic disciplines, professional training, completion of a research paper/project and passing State final exams. The Bakalavr’s degree is awarded in all after defending a Diploma project prepared under the guidance of a supervisor and passing the final exams.

Having obtained the Bakalavr’s degree, students may apply to enter the Magistr’s programme.

Access to this programme is competitive. The Magistr’s (Master’s) degree is awarded after successful completion of two years’ full-time study. Students must carry out a year of research including practice and prepare and defend a thesis which constitutes an original contribution and sit for final examinations.

Access to the Kandidat Nauk (Aspirantura) level again is very competitive. Studies last for 3 years. The Aspirantura prepares for research and professorial activities. Students must learn teaching methods and pass qualifying (Kandidat Nauk) exams. They carry out independent research, prepare and defend a dissertation in public.

The Doctor Nauk programme is specific and its duration is not fixed. It follows the Kandidat Nauk and is awarded after preparation and public defense of a dissertation.

Academic Year:

10. The academic year starts on the first of September and ends at the end of June. It is divided into an autumn and spring semester.

 

Semester:

A study period of 16 weeks in autumn term and a study period of 15-16 weeks in spring term during which a course is taught. Each semester ends with one assess­ment week during which students take course tests and present assignment work and defend course projects.

 

Exam session: two or three week period is set aside each semester for examinations and completion of final assess­ments.

 


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1560


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