Higher Education in Great Britain

The academic year in Britain’s universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education is divided into three terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March, and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.

There are about one hundred universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol and Birmingham.

Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local education authority.

English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, and the way of student life.

After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take a Master’s degree and then a Doctor’s Degree. Research is an important feature of university work. Distance learning is getting more popular nowadays.

The two intellectual eyes of Britain – Oxford and Cambridge Universities – date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

British Universities

For seven hundred years Oxford and Cambridge universities dominated the British education. Scotland had four universities, all founded before A. D. 1600 (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and St. Andrews). Wales only acquired a university in the twentieth century; unlike the others it is a loose federation of four university colleges located in different cities (Cardiff, Swansea, Bangor and Aberystwith).

The number of universities in England increased within ten years from nineteen to thirty-six, and in Scotland from four to eight.

Oxford University

Oxford University is a sort of federation of colleges, and it is impossible to understand its structure (or that of Cambridge or Durham) unless one first understands: the nature and function of these colleges, which have no resemblance whatsoever with the institutions called “colleges” in America.

Oxford has twenty-three ordinary colleges for men, five for women. All these are parallel and equal institutions, and none of them is connected with any particular fields of study. No matter what subject a man proposes to study he may study at any of the men’s colleges. Each college has a physical existence in the shape of dining-hall, chapel, and residential rooms (enough to accommodate about half the student membership, the rest living in lodgings in the town.) It is governed by its Fellows (commonly called “dons”), of whom there are usually about twenty or thirty. The dons are also responsible for teaching the students of the college through the tutorial system. The fellows elect the Head of the college (whose title varies from college to college).

The colleges vary very much in size and extent of grounds and buildings, and also in eminence. The biggest and most magnificent is Christ Church, the chapel of which is also Oxford’s cathedral.

Colleges choose their own students, and a student only becomes a member of the University by having been accepted by a college. Students are chosen mainly academic merit, but the policy of colleges in this respect varies from college to college. Some tend to be rather keen to admit a few men who are very good at rugby or some other sport, or sons of former students or lords or of eminent citizens or of millionaires.

The University prescribes syllabuses, arranges lectures, conducts examinations and awards degrees, but there is no single building which can be called “the University”. The colleges and university buildings are scattered about the town, mostly in the central area, though the scientific laboratories and the women’s colleges are quite a long way out.

The university teachers are mostly fellows of colleges, who may at the same time hold university appointments as lecturers or professors. Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the university, and any student may attend any university lecture. At the beginning of each term (there are three terms in the Oxford academic year) a list is published showing all the lectures being given during the term within each faculty, and every student can choose which lectures he will attend, though his own college tutor will advise him which lectures seem likely to be more useful. Attendance at lectures is not compulsory, and no records of attendance are kept.

Apart from lectures, teaching is by means of the “tutorial” system, which is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges. Each fellow in a college is a tutor in his own subject to the undergraduates who are studying it. Each student goes to his tutor’s room once every week to read out an essay which he has written, and for an hour he and the tutor discuss the essay. A student does not necessarily go only to his own tutor but may be assigned to another don in his own college or in another college when he is studying some particular topic which is outside the special interest of his own tutor.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1489