The objective with participle I construction

This construction comprises a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle I, which is in subject-predicate relation to the nominal part. In comparison with the infinitive in this position participle I shows more clearly the durative character of the action. The construction functions as a complex object.

§ 127. The objective with participle I construction can be used with verbs of three semantic groups, although with two of them it occurs very seldom. In all cases only non-perfect forms of participle I can be used. These groups are as follows:

1.Verbs of sense perception (see, hear, feel).

There wesaw the crocodiles swimming about.

Over his shoulder he couldhear them snuffing.

Ifelt tears running down my chieks.

2.Verbs of wish. These verbs combine with the construction only occasionally.

Nobodywanted him going there alone.

3. Thecausative verbs to have and to get.

Hegot them running his errands every day.

We’llhave them trembling with fear.

The objective with participle II construction

§ 128. This construction shows that the action expressed by participle II is (or was) performed not by the person denoted by the nominal part due to the passive meaning of participle II for most verbs. However after the verbs to have, to get, to want participle II may denote an action performed at the request of the person denoted by the nominal part.

The objective with participle II construction can be attached to verbs of four semantic groups.

1.Verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to watch):

Weheard the door shut.

Theywatched him examined by the doctor.

I heard my name echoed in the distance.

2. A few verbs of mental activity (to think, to believe, to consider, to remember).

At first shethought Johnny killed.

3.Verbs of wish.

Nobodywanted it done in such a way.

4.The causative verbs to haveand to get. With these verbs the construc­tion means that the action of

participle II is done for the benefit of the person expressed by the nominal part of the construction.

How do you think the menwould have their wounds dressed,getthemselves washed,have their beds

made if nobody worked on a Sunday?

The objective with participle construction attached to the verbs of this group cannot be transformed into object clauses because these verbs do not take object that- clauses.

Objective constructions with non-verbals

Adjectives and nouns which form the second part of these objective constructions are in subject-predicate relations to the first part and show what the person or non-person expressed by it is or becomes, or what quality it acquired. Because of its meaning the nominal part is often calledan objective predicative.

These constructions may be used after the following verbs:

I. Verbs of mental activity and sense perception, which acquire in this construction the meaning ofjudgement, opinion orconclusion (to appreciate, to believe, to claim, to class, to consider, to condemn, to count, to deem, to esteem, to fancy, to feel, to figure, to imagine, to impart, to interpret, to judge, to look (at, on, upon), to perceive, to picture, to place, to pronounce, to recognize, to regard, to see, to sum up, to take, to think, to view, to visualize, etc.); also after some other verbs (to find, to discover, to welcome, etc.) expressing the same meaning. Occasionally a non-verbal element is introduced by the prepositions as or for.

Hejudged her young and pleasing.

The girlcondemned herself as stupid.

They saw him as the greatest man in Europe.

The townesteemed him as a successful man.

Ifigured you for a good guy.

These constructions may be transformed into object clauses:

I thought it a wonderful opportunity ——> I thought that it was a wonderful opportunity.

He found his life dull ——> He found that his life was dull.

Several verbs of this group (to consider, to deem, to feel, to find, to regard, to suppose, to think, and some others) may take a complex object with the nominal part expressed by a verbal (an infinitive, a gerund) or by a clause. In this case the formal introductory object it is used:

Неthought it useless going to Paris .——> He thought that going to Paris was useless.

I consider it possible to talk to him now.

Theywill think it strange that you should be frightened.

II.Verbs implying that the result of the action will be a new quality, state, social standing, orattitude to the action. These verbs are rather numerous and form several semantic subclasses.

A. Verbs withcausative meaning (to make, to render, to hit, to have, to worry, to scare, etc.)implying

change of state or impression, as in:

This blowmade him crazy.

The sight of the animalscared the boy stiff.

His sudden appearancerendered us speechless.

B.Verbs denoting the action resulting in the change of colour(topaint, to dye, to stain, to tinge, to

dust)

Theypainted the door green.

Shehas dyed her hair blonde.

The stormdusted everything grey.

C.Verb denoting actions resulting in the change of social rank, status, function of, or giving

identification to, a person(to appoint, to call, to christen, to elect, to raise, to select, etc.) as in:

Theyelected him President.

Theyappointed him chief in the office.

I’llraise my kid a Catholic.

The parentschristened the boy Paul.

They deliberatelyselected Elizabeth as an ideal mother-substitute.

D.Verbs denoting motion, movement to a different position or state (to bring, to carry, to deliver, to

fing, to kick, to march, to pick, to put, to send, to tear, to toss, etc.).

Shepulled the drawer open.

Itore the letter open.

Christinkicked the door open.

The girlclicked her bag shut.

Most of the verbs in group II have a very general vague meaning, they are often incomplete without the adjective or noun denoting the result of the action. Therefore they are very closely connected with it, forming a set expression:

to make

somebody   something

crazy (mad, happy, important, famous, an eager listener, restless, stunned)   invisible (concrete, interesting, handy, certain, clear)

to make oneself agreable (comfortable, cosy)

to set

somebody something

free straight

to drive mad (crazy, desperate)

to leave somebody stunned (doubtful, weak, indifferent, blind, crippled)

to render

somebody something

spellbound (speechless, motionless, blind, dumb.) useless (hopeless, unimportant)

to have

somebody something

as a teacher clear (right, definite)

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 992