If a company is innovative, it will take action.

When a company takes action, it will be able to see

Results, rather than guess the results.

If a company doesn't try something new, another

Company will probably try it first.

Unless a company tries new ideas, it won't make any

Progress.

2. are close to the customer

They get their ideas from the people they serve; they listen

carefully to their customers.

3. encourage independence and ingenuity

They don't hold people back; they encourage people to be

creative and to take risks. They support experimentation.

4. work for productivity through people

They treat everyone in the company as an important source

of ideas; they never encourage a "we/they" management/

worker situation.

5. keep "quality" as the basic philosophy of the organization

Quality is the most important thing, not status, organization,

resources, or technology.

6. stick to their own business

They don't get involved in things that are outside of their

area of expertise; they don't acquire jobs or businesses they

don't know how to run.

7. keep their organization simple and their staff to a minimum

Their structures and systems are simple; they avoid having

too many managers.

8. are both centralized and decentralized

Control is loose because workers at all levels have authority

and responsibility; on the other hand, control is tight because

top management decides the basic direction of the company.

Activity Think about the various descriptions of creativity,

innovation, and excellence in this chapter. Try to put these ideas

to use as you consider the problems of teaching and learning a

language. Imagine that you and your classmates are educational

consultants. You have been asked to design a program for a private

language school.

Separate into small groups. Discuss your ideas on the best ways

to learn languages. Then, as a group, make a list of recommendations

for planning a language program. Be sure to consider

the following and to add any of your own ideas:

1. How many students should there be per class? How many

different teachers should students have?

2. How many hours a day should students have classes? When

should the classes be offered?

3. What kinds of classes should be offered?

4. Should there be a language lab? Should use of the lab be

optional or mandatory?

Remember that both money and time may be problems for the

students. Some may be working. Some may have families. Many

will not be able to afford expensive classes. How should you plan

if you want to offer economical and effective classes?

Exercise 18: Wish

Underline the verbs in the dependent clauses. Do

the verbs refer to the present, past, or future? Indicate the time

frame of each. Then, rephrase each sentence to show its meaning.

Examples:I wish I were going to go to Spam. (I m probably not

Going to go to Spain, but I would like to.)

I wish that you were here. (You're not here, and I miss

You.)

I wish that I had gone with you. (I didn't go with you. I

Regret that.)

1. I wish that I had saved more money.

2. I wish that I had enough money to go to Spain.

3. I wish that plane tickets were cheaper.

4. I wish that the airlines would lower the fares.

5. I wish that I were flying to Madrid.

6. I wish that I had studied Spanish.

7. I wish that I could study in Spain.

8. I wish that I knew how to speak Spanish.

Exercise 19: Wish

North Americans love to put bumper stickers on

their cars. One popular type of bumper sticker begins, "I'd rather

be . . . ," meaning "I wish I were . . ." It tells about our hobbies

and interests. Rephrase the following sentences to use wish.

Example: I'd rather be skiing.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 987