Sentence, models and classifications

S - the main and the highest unit of speech. It's the only unit of speech capable of expressing a complete idea/thought. It's the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. Henry Sweet:Sentence is a word or a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought. semanticaspect Chomsky(transformational generative grammar) The surface structure of the sentences are diff.: The hunter killed the lion. The lion was killed by the hunter. The deep structure of both sentences is the same. Fillmore : The actors are classified into the following: the agent, the patient,experiencer, beneficiary, instrument, locative.Deep casesagentive, instrumental, dative, factive, locative, objective. 4 types of situation state, process, action, action-action-process . transformational approach. sent: kernel: J is heroic, J is in the room, J worked, J paid the bill, J became a hero, J felt sad, J had a car. Austin classified speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary(process), perlocutionary(effect); 5 classes of speech act: expositives,verdictives, exersitives, behavioties, commissives.Searle: representatives, directives, commissives(promises, menaces), expressives, decorations(replies,arguments).pragmatic types of sent. constantives, directives, questions, promises, menaces, performatives Every sentence has several main features:

1. a certain intonation structure (depends on the aim of communication)

2. a certain grammatical structure (division into sentence members and their arrangement)

3. a certain communicative structure (the theme-rheme structure)

Every S is characterized by predication, which establishes relations of the named phenomenon to actual life, the named object to reality. Formally, predication is expressed thru tense and mood.

Every S performs 2 main functions:

1. nominative - tas a state: Jack knew the answer a process: Jack learned the answer

an action: Jack worked action process: Jack told Jill

2. predicative - the modal aspect of the S. The general semantic category is defined as exposing the connections between the named objects and the surrounding reality.

Structure of the Sentence

As S is a communicative unit, the primary classification of it must be based on communicative principle. According to the purpose of communication S can be:

1. Declarative (expresses a statement)

2. Imperative (expresses inducement, request, order)

3. Interrogative (inquiry, request)

All of them can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory

According to the number of predicative groups:

1. Simple 2Composite (divided into compound and complex). Here the connection between the parts can besyndetic or asyndetic.

According to the use of secondary members:

1. extended 2non-extended

According to the number of main members: one-member or two-member One-member sentences are divided into:

1. nominative - substantive, adjectival

2. imperative - verb in the imperative mood

3. verbless imperative (Out with it!)

4. exclamatory (What a beautiful night!)

5. infinitive

a. without the particle = rhetorical (Why not go there?) h. be+inf+V3 (To have done such a thing!)

6. gerundial (No smoking!)

7. sentence-words (interjections)

According to the completeness of the structure:

1. complete2 elliptical (a word form can be omitted)

a. in the subject position (Looks like rain.)

b. in the subject and part of predicate (Seen them?)

c. in predicate position (Who lies here? - Jack.)

According to the nature of the subject:

1. Personal:

a. personal proper (Jack...)

b. indefin ite personal (Somebody...)

c. general personal (They say...)

2. Impersonal:

a. S describing phenomena of nature (It's raining)

b. S expressing time/distance (It's 8 o'clock)

c. S expressing certain state of things (It's done with him)

Simple S

It is a S in which only one predicative line is expressed. According to this definition, a sentence with two predicates referring to the same subject can't be considered simple.

The SS is organized in the system of functions expressing positions. The parts are arranged in a hierarchy connection:

1. The subject - the person-modifier of the S

2. The predicate - a process-modifier of the subject

3. The object - a substance-modifier of the process

4. The adverbial - a quality-modifier of the process part

5. The attribute - a quality-modifier of the substantive part

6. The parenthesis enclosure — a detached speaker-bound modifier of any part

7. The interjectional enclosure - a speaker-bound emotional modifier

divided into their subgroups according to their successive subordination.

Composite sentence

CtS - Can be presented as derived from two or more simple sentences. It is a syntactic unit having more than one predicative line (subject-predicate group). Composite S are subdivided into compound and complex.

Compound sentence

CdS - is a S whose parts are independent from each other. In a compound S 2 or more independent clauses are connected by means of coordination. A compound sentence can have two types of connection: syndetic and asyndetic.

1. Syndetic connection:

a. Copulative (and, not only ... but, both, neither... nor, nor)

b. Disjunctive (or, either ... or, or else, otherwise)

d.Adversative (but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, whereas, while)e. Causative-consecutive (for, therefore, so, accordingly, then, hence) h. I don'(see anything for it is dark.

Complex sentences

CxS are formed on the principle of subordination of clauses. There is a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. There are five types of subordinate clauses:

1 Subject clause

What I want to do is to save us both

2 Predicative clause

Our attitude is that facts are facts

3 Object clause

I don't know what you are talking about

4 Attributive clause

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1782