Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya

Internet

It’s hard to imagine our lives without Internet nowadays. It has become an important part of every person’s life. he Internet is a global computer network, which embraces hundred of millions of users all over the world and helps us to communicate with each other. It seems that Internet has created a whole new history. It has drastically changed everything around. Computers were also an important invention, but Internet is better than any other type of information. Besides, it’s not only used for information, but also for global communication. Invention of modems, special devices allowing your computer to send the information through the telephone line, has opened doors to the Internet for millions of people. Nowadays the most popular Internet service is e-mail. Other popular services are available on the Internet too.

Nowadays, no one can deny the importance of the Internet. Sitting in front of a computer, clicking a mouse, you can shop, download many interesting films, books, read news about subject which is interesting for you, play computer games with other players, chat and send mails to your friends. Thanks to the Internet, people can quickly sell, advertise and share knowledge, idea, and personal feelings. People enter the world of virtual reality to avoid everyday problems. In spite of all the good sides that Internet has, there are some drawbacks. First of all, they are viruses, which can be very dangerous for any computer. Another big and serious problem of the net is control. Yes, there is no effective control in the^Internet, because a huge amount of information circulating through the net. it is very harmful for our health. I don't mean that I am against the Internet, but it should have reasonable limits.

Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya

Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya— the Russian mathematician and the mechanic, the writer, the publicist, since 1889 the foreign corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The first in Russia and in Northern Europe female professor and first-ever female professor of mathematics. Sofia Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow. Her father, Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky, was Lieutenant-General of Artillery who served in the Imperial Russian Army. Her mother, Yelizaveta Fedorovna Schubert, was a scholarly woman of German ancestry and Sofia's grandmother was Romani. Kovalevskaya carried out the childhood to the estate of the father Polibino. Sofya was child. In 12 years it equally liked poetry and mathematics, and in 15 serious occupations by the higher mathematics began.

In 1866 Kovalevskaya lived in St. Petersburg, took lessons of the mathematical analysis from A. N. Strannolyubsky. At that time, women there were not allowed to attend universities. Accordingly, she contracted a "fictitious marriage" with Vladimir Kovalevsky. They emigrated from Russia in 1867. In 1870 Kovalevskaya moved to Berlin to study with WeierstrassIn July of 1874, Sofia Kovalevskaya was granted a Ph.D. from the University of Gottingen. Despite this doctorate and letters of strong recommendation from Weierstrass, Kovalevskaya was unable to obtain an academic position. In 1874 Kovalevskaya returned to Russia. 1883 she becomes professor of chair of mathematics at the Stockholm university. Author of the story "Nihilist" (1884) and "Childhood memories". On February 10, 1891, Sofia Kovalevskaya died and the scientific world mourned her loss.

Computer models

Computer modelling means using a computer to ‘model’ situations to see how they are likely to work out if you do different things. Using a computer to change things and see what happens. If children use a simulation where they have to make decisions that affect the outcome, then go back and try something else, that is computer modelling. If they use spreadsheets to work out the cost ol something. A computer model is a simulation or model of a situation in the real world or an imaginary world which has parameters which the user can alter. So a model could consist of a simulation such as with the children's educational software Spex or a spreadsheet modeling software.

What is computer modelling? Does it have anything to do with those Airfix model aeroplane kiti we used to make as children? In the classroom we use 'm odels’ to explain and teach about rea situations such as the water cycle. A board game may be a model of an imaginary situation. Fo example: a computer model which children can understand will simulate a situation which is familia to them, and which they have ideas about. Spex offers a computer model of the rooms in a house which all children relate to, they are all comfortable with homes and rooms. The idea is to plan a roor by putting into it your own selection of furniture and fitments, in the layout you choose. This is done on a 2D plan. You then switch to the 3D screen to see how your room looks. You can switch back to 2D and experiment by shifting the furniture around or deleting it, and then see what difference that makes The children become involved in making a number of decisions - how big will the room need to be? What furniture should it contain and where. Where to put the bed, is it best under the window, or by the radiator? What colour scheme will look good? Will purple walls and a pink floor go together? There is a spreadsheet included in the software so you can see how much the furniture and fittings would cost, and you can set a budget of how much money is available to spent on furnishing the room. Keeping within a defined budget also involves making choices and hard decisions - is a TV necessary in a bedroom? Removing it would save some money, but would it be better to get rid of the wardrobe? Children start to make decisions like; Which room to model, which items of furniture and how many to put in the room, where in the room to place items for the best effect, how much to spend and the total amount in the budget, colour scheme of walls and floor and so on.

Supercomputer

The word the computer is derivative of the English words to compute, computer which are translated as "to calculate", "calculator" (the English word, in turn, occurs from Latin computāre — "to calculate")

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. The word the computer is derivative from English the Beginning of 1943 — successful tests there passed the first American computer Mark I intended for performance of difficult ballistic calculations of the American Navy. With the help of the computer it is possible to make not only numerical calculations, but also to work with texts, drawings, photos, video, a sound, to operate production and transport, to carry out different types of communication. Computers turned into universal remedies for processing of all types of information used by the person.

The first computer model is released in 1981 by the IBM company.

A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. The term Super Computing was first used by New York World newspaper in 1920 to refer to the large custom built tabulators IBM had made for Columbia University. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s, designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

Исаак Ньютон

Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. It also demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth and that of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of theheliocentric model of the cosmos.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound. In addition to his work on the calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, and developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1049