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ACTUAL DIVISION OF THE SENTENCE

1. The theory of AD of the sce is conn-ed with the logical analysis of the proposition.

The principal parts of the PP: the logical subj (theme) & the log pred (rheme).

AD rvls the corr-ding lngl means of rndring the inf-ve content in the prcss of com-n.

2. The LS & the LP may or may not coincide with the S & P of the sce.

1) direct/unspecialized/unmarked type (T8R). In Eng with its fixed WO, T=S, R=P

Charlie (T) is late (R). Mary is fond of poetry.

2) inverted/reverse/specialized/marked type (R8T). Who is late today? Ch (R)is late(T)

Isn’t it surprising that Tim is fond of poetry? But u’r wrong. Mary is fop, not Tim.

So, AD finds its full expression only in a concrete context.

3. Lingual means to disting T & R: WO patterns, constr-ns with introducers, syntactic patterns with contrastive complexes, constr-s with articles & other deter-rs,
constr-s with intensifying particles, intonation contours.

4. Inverted WO – not always inverted AD. There was a box. Inside the box was a mic -
WO is inverted, but AD is direct (advmod – T, subj – R)

5. Reversed AD – usually emphatic speech. Off u go! What a nice girl she is!

6. Constr-s with the intr-er “there”: subj=R, advmod of place(us in the end)=T. RAD

f.e, There’s a book on the table. AND the book is on the table – WO & AD – direct

7. R as various nomin parts can be underlined by the anticipatory “it”;

It’s Charlie who’s late; it was back in 1895 that Popov invented radio.

Opposed nomin.parts – also rhematic: Charlie, not John, is absent today.

Articles & other determ-rs emphasize T & R: The/A man appeared unexpectedly.

Not necessarily T=the; smth about wh cert info is given, f.e. A voice called Mary.

Various indent-ng particles (only,just,merely,namely,even) – Only Ch was late.

8. The intensifying aux V “do” (to emph pred as a R) – I did help your sister.

9. Very imptnt – Intonation; logical/rhematic accent. DAD – stress on the last notion wds

(in the predicative). In RAD – stress on the beginning.

Charlie (t) is late (LA,R)–Charlie (LA, R) is late (T).In written–italics,bold,underlin

10. Means of marking the T:

1) Syntactic m: His face | I am fond of, but his character | I despise.

2) Morphosyntactic m: The delegation was met by a group of students.

3) Lexicogrammatical m: The child ran.. He was hit..; J came early, and so did F.

4) Lexical m: (His name is Bill) Bill is a student.

11. Means of marking the R:

1) Phonological m (L/R accent): (Who’s fond of music?) Mary is fond of music.

2) Lexical m: Even a child could do this. Almost all liked her.

3) Morphosyntactic m (ind art, passive contr-s): The door opened, and an old man..

4) Syntactic m:

a) contrastive complexes: The dress is for your sister, not for you!

b) cleft (ðàñùåïë) sces: It was Charles who went to Paris.

c) s-ces with emph DO & oth aux:(I thought J. worked hard)He did work hard

d) one-member sces: Spring. Night.



e) Elliptical sces: Your name is? – Marvin. How’s she? – Sleeping.

d) inv-n of S & P: Here comes the bus (R). “Go away!” said the child(R).

21. COMPOSITE SENTENCE: COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

1. Composite – a syntactic unit having more than one predicative line (subj–pr-te groups)

the term – intr by Poutsma => the threechotomic div-n of sces into:

simple - compound & complex (composite)

2. Compound sce – a sce whose parts are independent to such an extent that Ch. Fries
considers a compound sce just a matter of intonation and pronunciation, and the
diff-ce between a simple sce and a part of a CD is just punctuational.

3. Parts of a CDS – clauses. A sce which cons of 2 or > clauses con-ted bmo coordination.

Clauses may be connected syndetically or asyndentically. Syndetic coordination:

1) copulative (ñîåä) and, not only..but, both, neither.. nor, nor.

2) disjunctive (ðàçä) or, either..or, or else, otherwise.

3) adversative (ïðîòèâ) but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, whereas, while

4) causative-consecutive (ïðè÷-ñëåä) for, therefore, so, accordingly, then, hence

4. Complex sce – a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Conn-ted:

1. Syndetically (subord-ing conjs & conn-ves) 2. Asyndetically

A SubCl may follow, precede, or interrupt the principal clause.

A complex sce may contain 2 or > homogeneous clauses coord-ed with each other

A Subcl may be sub-ed to the Prcl or to anthr subcl=>subcls of the 1st,2nd.. degofsub

“I think I have noticed that they have been quarreling, as he was cheating on her”.

5. Accto their grammatical function Subcls are divided:

1) Subject clauses (perform the function of subject to the predicate of the prcl)

What I want to do is to save us both. It was possible that he might win.

2) Predicative clauses (the func. of predicate) In the prcl – only part of the pred.

Our attitude simply is that facts are facts (f.e. a link verb).

3) Object clauses (of an obj to the pred-V of the prcl)

I don’t know what u’r talking about. He wondered why he should look back.

4) Attributive clauses (an attrib to the prcl) N/PN – antecedent (ant); r:s&a; a:s.

relative – qualify the ant: The fact those man wanted to know had been visible

appositive – disclose the ant’s meaning: The fact that he didn’t req.. wld give

the ant – an abstr N; rcomma. intr: that, whether, how, why.

There was no reason why she should not read the book.

Rltv: defining (restrictive) – restr the mng of the ant; can’t be removed withoutdestr

intr-d by: rltv PN (who,whse,whch,tht,as); rl adv (where, when); asynd-ly I think my father is the best man I have ever known.

non-def (non-restr)–doesn’t restr the ant’s mng;gives addinfo;canberm;comma.

inr-d by: rltv PN (who, which); rlt adv (where, when)

In this room, which was never used, a light was burning.

5) Adverbial clauses (an advmod) – can modify V,adj,adv in the prcl.

1) time (when,as,until,before..) 2) place (where, whrvr) 3) cause (because, as, since)

4) result (so that, so (such)..that) 5) purpose(that,inordto,soth6) condition(if,incs,unls,once

7) concession (though, nomtwh, even if, whtvr, hwvr) 8) exception (except that)

9) manner & comparison (than, as, as…as, not so…as, as if, as though, like)

 

TEXT GRAMMAR

1. Text Grammar – a new branch. 1 s-ce not enough, a whole sequence of sces (ds)

f.e. I’m sorry – cn’t be trnsltd without a cntxt. back to ancient Greek (5BC, rhetoric)

2. Text – a sequence of linguistic units joined together by semantic connections and characterized by integrity, wholeness and cohesion.

3. R. de Beaugrande & W. Dressler: text – a com-ve occurrence which meets 7 standards:

· cohesion – the main text property concerning the surface structure of the text; connection of text comp-ts on the basis of gram rules&relations.”..good film..seen it
parenthesis, WO, the use of articles & PNs, forms of the verb, ellipsis, recurrence, coordinating conjs.

· coherence concerns the deep str-re of the T; the temporal & spatial continuity of events; meaningful & cognitive relations in the T. rIt was dark & the sun was shining brightly; an old woman of 16 was…

· intentionality– the intention of the text maker to build up a cohesive and coherent text & achieve some definite communicative purpose.

· acceptability – has come from the speech-act theory; the expectation of the recipient to get a cohesive and coherent text appropriate in definite com-ve sit-ns.

· informativity – the theme of the T; the new & unexpected info for the T compreh-r

· situationality – the factors which make the T relevant and actual for a def com-ve sit-n. (TG - rnuclear physics)

· intertextuality – correl-n of the T with a def type of T & the corr-n with other Ts.
1 – the typ,form features of a partic T (interview, rep); 2- Much ado about bluffing

4. Pr. Galperin: text – a complete speech act which is characterized by 6 standards:

completeness (logical & semantical) written form

abstract model delimitation into title & SPUs

cohesion communicative intention

5. Pr. Moskalskaya – 2 basic units above the sentence:

1) the SPU (microtext) – a grammatically organized sequence of sentences forming
a textual unity. The conn-n by semantic, com-ve & str-al integrity.

Sem.I–the theme of the T,its mean-ful centre.Trans-on frm 1 Th to an-newSpu

Com.I-theme-rheme seq-ce of the T. sev mdls: t1-r1-t2(r1)-r2; t1- r1,2; t1,2–r3

Str.I. – the gram.con-ns betw the sces, the cohes-n of the T. Cohesion:

a) cataphoric (prospective) relations – conn-ve elements which relate

a given sce to the following one: the house that Jack built [NOVEL]

b) anaphoric (retrospective) rlns – conn-ve elements which relate a given

sce to the preceding one: Jack built a house. It was large.

in printed T: SPU = (often) paragraph. Pph – a stretch of written (printed)

literary text delimited by a new line at the beginning.

2) the speech unity (macrotext)

5 basic T types: description (science/tech), narration, exposition (analysis+expl-n), argumentation (compares altern points of view), instruction.

Bloch (accto com-ve direction): monologue & dialogue. 1-direction seq-ce – based on syn-c cumulation of sces. Supra-sent const-n of 1ds – a cumulative seq-ce, cumuleme.

2-dirseq – based on its sces being positioned to meet 1an. SSC – occursive, occurseme.

 


 


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1133


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