General Notes on Style and Stylistics 9

1. What is economy?

2. What is economics?

3. What are the three main aspects of human activity?

4. What is the aim of economic activity?

5. What are the two branches of economics?

6. What does microeconomics study?

7. What does macroeconomics study?

8. What do we learn when we study economics?

Ex.1. Memorize the following definitions.

Product(s) – an article or substance manufactured or refined for sale.

To produce – to make, manufacture, create or form as part of a physical, biological, or chemical process.

Producer – a person or organization manufacturing goods for sale.

Inflation – a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Consumer – a person who buys goods and services for personal use.

Output – the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.

Ex.2. Give English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases.

Make your own sentences using them.

1. господарство; 2. діяльність людини; 3. покращити життя; 4. бути пов’язаним з економікою; 5. витрати на продукт; 6. економічна діяльність;

7. фінансовий добробут нації; 8. складатися з двох галузей; 9. впливати на господарство; 10. вилучати максимальну користь; 11. впливати на ринок;

12. як використовувати ресурси для досягнення цілей; 13. які фактори впливають на ціни, заробітну плату та прибуток; 14. економіка в цілому;

15. робити свій вибір; 16. змінюватися під впливом традиції;

17. виробництво, обмін та споживання товарів та послуг; 18. поведінка людини

Ex.3. Find antonyms to the following words in the text:

producer, microeconomics, in particular, individuals

Ex.4. Find synonyms to the following words in the text:

expenditures, goods, earnings, to influence, prosperous, values, market

Ex.5. Match the words to their definitions.

Ex.6. Match the words to get collocations and make your own sentences with them.

Ex.7.Complete the following word-combinations with prepositions where necessary and make your own sentences with them.

Ex.8. Complete the following sentences with the given words and expressions.

Translate them into your native tongue.

price Microeconomics management products

market goods and services earnings regulations

1. They are producing more and better _____ with the same time and resources.

2. _____ is the study of individual consumers and the business firms.

3. There is a world wide _____ for American agricultural products.

4. More people can afford to buy this item at a lower _____.

5. The purpose of advertising is to sell _____.

6. He has had to pay tax on his _____ since he has started at the firm.

7. The company’s failure was mainly due to bad _____.

8. There are too many rules and _____ governing small businesses.

Ex.9. Select the answer which best completes the meaning of the sentence.

Translate the sentences into your native tongue.

1. We can’t afford to buy the computer at this ___.

a) cost b) expense c) price

2. ___ architectural concept of the project requires paying special attention to the decorative details.

a) Full b) Exact c) Overall

3. ___ is a human activity, his management and his environment.

a) Saving b) Economy c) Thrift

4. In return for working, you will receive a ___ or salary.

a) payment b) earnings c) wage

5. All the owners of the companies operate their businesses aiming to ___ wealth.

a) accumulate b) save c) calculate

6. The ___ each day from the snack bar is usually around $500.

a) needs b) profit c) values

7. As a country we ___ more than we produce.

a) consume b) affect c) accumulate

8. This project is working for a strong, ___, and united Europe.

a) economic b) prosperous c) financial

Ex.10. Make questions to the words and expressions in bold.

1. This term describes the financial well-being of the nation as measured by economics.

2. Economics as a science consists of two main branches.

3. All our life is connected with the economy and economics.

4. The economy is the system or structure of economic life in a country.

5. Economic activity is fruitful when it gives profit.

6. Microeconomics studies individual producers, consumers, or markets.

Ex.11. Translate the following English words of the same root into your native tongue:

economy – economics – economist – economic – economical – economically –

to economize

Ex.12. Choose the correct words in italics to complete the sentences. Translate them into your native tongue.

1. He’s a student of economy / economics now.

2. At school he didn’t study the economy / economics of Great Britain.

3. He hopes he’ll make a good economist / economy.

4. There are many economic / economical problems in the world.

5. Economics / Economy is a science studying economics / economy.

6. He tries to spend money and time economical / economically.

7. This car economies / economizes fuel.

8. Davis Ricardo as a scientist made great contributions to economy/ economics.

9. Leading economics / economists can predict the country’s rate of inflation.

10. The new Honda does 50 miles per gallon. It is very economic / economical.

Ex.13. Translate the following word-combinations into English.

Ex.14. Translate the following sentences into English.

a)

1. Мікроекономіка вивчає фактори, що впливають на ціни, заробітну плату та прибуток.
2. Для вилучення максимального прибутку треба знати психологію споживача.
3. Діяльність уряду має сильний вплив на економіку країни.
4. Раціональне використання ресурсів зменшить витрати виробництва.
5. Податки на споживчі товари та послуги контролюються урядом.

b)

1. Макроэкономика изучает факторы, влияющие на стоимость выпускаемой продукции, безработицу и инфляцию.
2. Цель экономической деятельности, как людей, так и страны в целом – стать богаче.
3. Хозяйственная деятельность включает в себя экономный способ обмена товарами.
4. Рынок определяет, какие товары необходимо производить, чтобы удовлетворить потребности людей.
5. Экономное использование ресурсов помогает достичь экономической цели.

Ex.15. a) Explain the saying of Bernard Show about economics.

b) Speak on the difference in the terms ‘macroeconomics’ and ‘microeconomics’.

c) Give your reasons why studying of human behaviour is so important in economics.

General Notes on Style and Stylistics 9

Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD) 25

General Notes on Functional Styles of Language 32

Varieties of Language 35

Brief Outline of the Development of the English Literary (Standard) language 41

Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View 57

Part II. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary

General Considerations 70

Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary 72

Special Literary Vocabulary 76

Terms 76

Poetic and Highly Literary Words 79

Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 83

Barbarisms and Foreignisms 87

Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 92

Special Colloquial Vocabulary 104

Slang 104

Jargonisms 109

Professionalisms 113

Dialectal Words 116

Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms 118

Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings) 119

Part III. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

General notes 123

Onomatopoeia 124

Alliteration 126

Rhyme 128

Rhythm 129

Part IV. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

Intentional Mixing of the Stylistic Aspect of Words 136

Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning 138

Interaction of Primary Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings 139

Metaphor 139

Metonymy 144

Irony 146

Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings 148

Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantic Effect, Zeugma and Pun. . . 148

Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings . . 153

Interjections and Exclamatory Words 154

The Epithet 157

Oxymoron 162

Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings 164

Antonomasia 164

Intensification of a Certain Feature or a Thing or Phenomenon 166

Simile 167

Periphrasis 169

Euphemism 173

Hyperbole 176

Peculiar Use of Set Expressions 177

The Cliché 177

Proverbs and Sayings 181

Epigrams 184

Quotations 186

Allusions 187

Decomposition of Set Phrases 189

Part V. Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices

General Considerations 191

Problems Concerning the Composition of Spans of Utterance Larger than the

Sentence 193

Supra-Phrasal Units 1()4

The Paragraph 198

Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement 202

Stylistic Inversion 203

Detached Construction 205

Parallel Construction 208

Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 209

Repetition 211

Enumeration 216

Suspense 218

Climax (Gradation) 219

Antithesis 222

Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (Linkage) 225

Asyndeton 226

Polysyndeton 226

The Gap-Sentence Link 227

Particular Use of Colloquial Constructions 230

Ellipsis . 231

Break-in-the-Narrative (Aposiopesis) 233

Question-in-the-Narrative 235

Represented Speech 236

Uttered Represented Speech 238

Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 241

Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning 244

Rhetorical Questions 244

Litotes 246

Part VI. Functional Styles of the English Language

Introductory Remarks 249

A. The Belles-Lettres Style 250

Language of Poetry 252

Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 252

Metre and Line 252

The Stanza 258

Free Verse and Accented Verse 261

Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse. . . 264

Emotive Prose . 270

Language of the Drama 281

Publistic Style 287

Oratory and Speeches 288

The Essay 293

Journalistic Articles z™

Newspaper Style (written by V. L. Nayer) 295

Brief News Items 2^8

Advertisements and Announcements 301

Headline 302

Editorial 305

Scientific Prose Style 307

Style of Official Documents 312

Notes on the Theory of Text and Procedures of Stylistic Analysis 318

INTRODUCTION

PART I

Date: 2014-12-29; view: 1626