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General Notes on Style and Stylistics 91. What is economy? 2. What is economics? 3. What are the three main aspects of human activity? 4. What is the aim of economic activity? 5. What are the two branches of economics? 6. What does microeconomics study? 7. What does macroeconomics study? 8. What do we learn when we study economics?
Ex.1. Memorize the following definitions. Product(s) – an article or substance manufactured or refined for sale.
To produce – to make, manufacture, create or form as part of a physical, biological, or chemical process. Producer – a person or organization manufacturing goods for sale. Inflation – a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. Consumer – a person who buys goods and services for personal use. Output – the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry. Ex.2. Give English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases. Make your own sentences using them. 1. господарство; 2. діяльність людини; 3. покращити життя; 4. бути пов’язаним з економікою; 5. витрати на продукт; 6. економічна діяльність; 7. фінансовий добробут нації; 8. складатися з двох галузей; 9. впливати на господарство; 10. вилучати максимальну користь; 11. впливати на ринок; 12. як використовувати ресурси для досягнення цілей; 13. які фактори впливають на ціни, заробітну плату та прибуток; 14. економіка в цілому; 15. робити свій вибір; 16. змінюватися під впливом традиції; 17. виробництво, обмін та споживання товарів та послуг; 18. поведінка людини Ex.3. Find antonyms to the following words in the text: producer, microeconomics, in particular, individuals Ex.4. Find synonyms to the following words in the text: expenditures, goods, earnings, to influence, prosperous, values, market Ex.5. Match the words to their definitions.
Ex.6. Match the words to get collocations and make your own sentences with them.
Ex.7.Complete the following word-combinations with prepositions where necessary and make your own sentences with them.
Ex.8. Complete the following sentences with the given words and expressions. Translate them into your native tongue. price Microeconomics management products market goods and services earnings regulations
1. They are producing more and better _____ with the same time and resources. 2. _____ is the study of individual consumers and the business firms. 3. There is a world wide _____ for American agricultural products. 4. More people can afford to buy this item at a lower _____. 5. The purpose of advertising is to sell _____. 6. He has had to pay tax on his _____ since he has started at the firm. 7. The company’s failure was mainly due to bad _____. 8. There are too many rules and _____ governing small businesses.
Ex.9. Select the answer which best completes the meaning of the sentence. Translate the sentences into your native tongue. 1. We can’t afford to buy the computer at this ___. a) cost b) expense c) price 2. ___ architectural concept of the project requires paying special attention to the decorative details. a) Full b) Exact c) Overall 3. ___ is a human activity, his management and his environment. a) Saving b) Economy c) Thrift 4. In return for working, you will receive a ___ or salary. a) payment b) earnings c) wage 5. All the owners of the companies operate their businesses aiming to ___ wealth. a) accumulate b) save c) calculate 6. The ___ each day from the snack bar is usually around $500. a) needs b) profit c) values 7. As a country we ___ more than we produce. a) consume b) affect c) accumulate 8. This project is working for a strong, ___, and united Europe. a) economic b) prosperous c) financial Ex.10. Make questions to the words and expressions in bold. 1. This term describes the financial well-being of the nation as measured by economics. 2. Economics as a science consists of two main branches. 3. All our life is connected with the economy and economics. 4. The economy is the system or structure of economic life in a country. 5. Economic activity is fruitful when it gives profit. 6. Microeconomics studies individual producers, consumers, or markets. Ex.11. Translate the following English words of the same root into your native tongue: economy – economics – economist – economic – economical – economically – to economize Ex.12. Choose the correct words in italics to complete the sentences. Translate them into your native tongue. 1. He’s a student of economy / economics now. 2. At school he didn’t study the economy / economics of Great Britain. 3. He hopes he’ll make a good economist / economy. 4. There are many economic / economical problems in the world. 5. Economics / Economy is a science studying economics / economy. 6. He tries to spend money and time economical / economically. 7. This car economies / economizes fuel. 8. Davis Ricardo as a scientist made great contributions to economy/ economics. 9. Leading economics / economists can predict the country’s rate of inflation. 10. The new Honda does 50 miles per gallon. It is very economic / economical.
Ex.13. Translate the following word-combinations into English.
Ex.14. Translate the following sentences into English. a)
b)
Ex.15. a) Explain the saying of Bernard Show about economics. b) Speak on the difference in the terms ‘macroeconomics’ and ‘microeconomics’. c) Give your reasons why studying of human behaviour is so important in economics.
General Notes on Style and Stylistics 9 Expressive Means (EM) and Stylistic Devices (SD) 25 General Notes on Functional Styles of Language 32 Varieties of Language 35 Brief Outline of the Development of the English Literary (Standard) language 41 Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View 57 Part II. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary General Considerations 70 Neutral, Common Literary and Common Colloquial Vocabulary 72 Special Literary Vocabulary 76 Terms 76 Poetic and Highly Literary Words 79 Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words 83 Barbarisms and Foreignisms 87 Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words) 92 Special Colloquial Vocabulary 104 Slang 104 Jargonisms 109 Professionalisms 113 Dialectal Words 116 Vulgar Words or Vulgarisms 118 Colloquial Coinages (Words and Meanings) 119 Part III. Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices General notes 123 Onomatopoeia 124 Alliteration 126 Rhyme 128 Rhythm 129 Part IV. Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices Intentional Mixing of the Stylistic Aspect of Words 136 Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning 138 Interaction of Primary Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings 139 Metaphor 139 Metonymy 144 Irony 146 Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings 148 Stylistic Devices Based on Polysemantic Effect, Zeugma and Pun. . . 148 Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings . . 153 Interjections and Exclamatory Words 154 The Epithet 157 Oxymoron 162 Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings 164 Antonomasia 164 Intensification of a Certain Feature or a Thing or Phenomenon 166 Simile 167 Periphrasis 169 Euphemism 173 Hyperbole 176 Peculiar Use of Set Expressions 177 The Cliché 177 Proverbs and Sayings 181 Epigrams 184 Quotations 186 Allusions 187 Decomposition of Set Phrases 189 Part V. Syntactical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices General Considerations 191 Problems Concerning the Composition of Spans of Utterance Larger than the Sentence 193 Supra-Phrasal Units 1()4 The Paragraph 198 Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement 202 Stylistic Inversion 203 Detached Construction 205 Parallel Construction 208 Chiasmus (Reversed Parallel Construction) 209 Repetition 211 Enumeration 216 Suspense 218 Climax (Gradation) 219 Antithesis 222 Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (Linkage) 225 Asyndeton 226 Polysyndeton 226 The Gap-Sentence Link 227 Particular Use of Colloquial Constructions 230 Ellipsis . 231 Break-in-the-Narrative (Aposiopesis) 233 Question-in-the-Narrative 235 Represented Speech 236 Uttered Represented Speech 238 Unuttered or Inner Represented Speech 241 Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning 244 Rhetorical Questions 244 Litotes 246 Part VI. Functional Styles of the English Language Introductory Remarks 249 A. The Belles-Lettres Style 250 Language of Poetry 252 Compositional Patterns of Rhythmical Arrangement 252 Metre and Line 252 The Stanza 258 Free Verse and Accented Verse 261 Lexical and Syntactical Features of Verse. . . 264 Emotive Prose . 270 Language of the Drama 281 Publistic Style 287 Oratory and Speeches 288 The Essay 293 Journalistic Articles z™ Newspaper Style (written by V. L. Nayer) 295 Brief News Items 2^8 Advertisements and Announcements 301 Headline 302 Editorial 305 Scientific Prose Style 307 Style of Official Documents 312 Notes on the Theory of Text and Procedures of Stylistic Analysis 318
INTRODUCTION PART I Date: 2014-12-29; view: 1415
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