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No extinction hypothesis has yet been confirmed____4. Word Forms S3 Chart Completion Complete the chart with the corresponding noun form of each verb.
precede Chapter 17 Geology Word Forms in Sentences Create five new sentences about the mass extinction of dinosaurs, using a noun and a verb from the chart in the previous exercise in each sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, The collapse of -the dinosaurs Mail have, been -triggered by a Meieoriie. 5. Collocations ■ilThe following verbs are typically found in combination with specific nouns. Match the verbs with the nouns to make meaningful phrases. accumulate attain conceive confirm dramatize inhibit reverse trigger
1. 2. 3. a disaster 4. identity 5. growth 6. independence 7. a story a decision a child In each of the following sentences, add an adverb that commonly collocates with the boldface verb. The adverb should reflect the content of the reading. completely easily exactly fully further partially rapidly roughly seriously significantly slightly steadily sufficiently totally virtually
1. This hypothesis seems to conform to the facts.
2. Several hypotheses agree that the food chain collapsed__ extinctions.
3. Knowledge about dinosaurs has accumulated_________ 4.Hypotheses cannot be confirmed____________ 5. Atmospheric dust____________ inhibitedthe growth of vegetation. Essential Academic Vocabulary
6. No extinction hypothesis has _ 7. A meteorite strike might have 8. Sometimes hypotheses are__ 9. Opinions of scientists tend to overlap_ 10.The mass extinction hypothesis may be __ attainedthe status of theory. __ coincidedwith a volcanic eruption. Reversed. clarifiedin the future. 6. Word Parts over- (higher, greater, too much) The prefix over- means "higher," "greater," or "too much."
Complete each sentence with a verb or an adjective that summarizes the meaning of the sentence. Be sure to use the correct tense of the verbs. 1. Jim didn't wake up until 9:00, so he missed the meeting. He__ ove.rsle.pt_ 2. This coat costs far too much. Its__ overpriced_ 3. My sister has put on about 30 pounds in the last year. She's___________ 4. Bill took too much medicine and had to go to the hospital. He_____________ 5. I went to see the new movie, but it lasted three hours. It was____________ Chapter 17 Geology 183 6. I don't know why Elizabeth was so angry when she heard the news. She___________ 7. My sister gave birth to a baby girl last night. I'm____________ 8. I paid $25 for this shirt, but it was supposed to cost only $20. I was____________ 9. My father has a job in Europe at the moment. He's____________
10. Ben wore his best suit to the party, but he should have worn jeans. He was___________ 11. I ate a whole pizza for lunch, and now I feel sick. T___________ 12. I didn't get the job because they're looking for someone with only an undergraduate degree. I was 13. It rained so hard that the water from the river almost reached our house. The river
14. He was supposed to arrive at 5:00, but now it's 7:00. He's____________ 15. This area used to be quiet and uncrowded, but now there are people and cars everywhere. It's 7. Writing 3 Writing a Summary See Appendix TV for additional information on summarizing. Reread the article "What Caused the Extinction of the Dinosaurs?" OR find another article on the Internet about the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Take notes in your own words about the main ideas and supporting details in the text. Use your notes to summarize the article. Include and underline at least six to eight vocabulary wordsin your summary. Paragraph Writing Write a response to oneof the following topics. Include at least six to eight vocabulary words in your paragraph. 1. There have been several popular movies about dinosaurs in the last few years, including The Lost World, Jurassic Park, and Dinosaur Island. There have also been many video and computer games featuring dinosaurs. Write a paragraph describing one dinosaur movie that you have seen or one game that you have played. Focus on the special effects used and how the main characters interacted with the dinosaurs. Do you think that the dinosaurs were depicted realistically? Were the dinosaurs frightening? What was your overall impression of the movie or game? 2. In most areas of the world, there are interesting geological features that show how the land has changed over time. Describe an interesting geological formation near your university or in a place you have visited. What other geological features are visible in this region? What do these features reveal about how the land has changed? Are there any fossils in this area? What surprises or interests you about these formations? 184 Essential Academic Vocabulary 8. Speaking 23 Partner Activity: Researching a Geological Formation With a partner, research a place with interesting geological formations or fossil remains. Many U.S. national parks and monuments, along with other geological features in the United States and the world, have many geological features. Here are a few places to get you started: Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona Badlands National Park, South Dakota Canyonlands National Park, Utah Dinosaur National Monument, Utah and Colorado Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico Arches National Park, Utah Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona the San Andreas Fault, California Mt. Fuji, Japan the Great Rift Valley, Africa Your research should focus on the geology of the area, any fossil discoveries, and any hypotheses or theories associated with the formations. Prepare with your partner a short oral presentation with visuals (photographs, illustrations, and maps) to show the class. M Role-Plays Using new vocabulary words from this chapter, act out the following role-plays. 1. You are planning a trip with a friend to the American West this summer. You want to hike down to the bottom of the Grand Canyon to see all the layers of rock exposed through erosion. However, your friend wants to go to Dinosaur National Monument to see the collections of dinosaur bones that are displayed there. Discuss the trip with your friend and try to make a decision about which place to visit. 2. You are taking a geology class this semester, and your professor has just given a lecture about the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and the various hypotheses that scientists have proposed. Afterward, you debate with a friend which hypothesis seems the most likely. You think a meteorite was the cause, but your friend thinks it was a massive volcanic eruption. Use examples to support your opinion. http://www.college.hmco.com/esl/students For more activities related to this chapter, go to the Essential Academic Vocabulary website.
%~> '-* Chemistry WORD LIST
186 Essintiai Academic Vocabuiary PREVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Have you ever taken a chemistry course? What are the specific challenges of chemistry courses? 2. How does chemistry affect our lives on a daily basis? What kinds of chemical reactions are useful to us? 3. How does chemistry affect what we eat? 4. What advances in medicine are possible because of chemistry? READINCx CHEMISTRY FACTS: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE ODD i All changes we produce consist in separating particles that are in a state of cohesion or combination, and joining those that ivere previously at a distance. John Dalton (1766-1844) Our environment is composed of atoms and molecules that undergo chemical changes to 5 produce the many substances we need and use. In producing new products, energy is released or absorbed. The following paragraphsexplain some of the infinitenumber of ways we use chemistry in our daily lives. Some of these ways are beneficial to our lives; others may be harmful or dangerous. Still other paragraphs describe chemical reactions that we may consider odd. a. Heat packs called glove warmers contain powdered iron (and other components) moistened producing the rusting of iron. This effect on the large surface area of the iron particles causes the "rusting" reaction to proceedfast enough to generate a comfortable amount of heat. b. Air containing as little as 1.5 parts of carbon monoxide to 100 parts of air may be fatal if 15 carbon monoxide poisoning in the home. Carbon monoxide has no odor, color, or taste. People are most at risk when asleep, so new housing guidelinesrecommend installing several detectors and regularly inspectingappliances that burn fossil fuels. c. The name phosphorus means "light-bearing" and refers to the glowing of "white" phosphorus 20 Holmes mystery, wherein a large dog is coated with white phosphorus to scare someone to death. d.The insertionof bleach into a toilet bowl with other cleaners or ammonia-based cleaners e. Dinitrogen oxide, also known as laughing gas, was discovered by Joseph Priestly and was the as the propellant to produce portionsof "instant" whipping cream from a spray can. f. In 1947 a ship carrying ammonium nitrate exploded in the harbor of Texas City, Texas, Chapter 18 Chemistry 187 Center in New York City in 1993 and the federal office building in Oklahoma City in 1995. g. Seawater is 2.7 percent salt, but the concentration of salt in the Dead Sea is a huge 27 percent. This extreme saltiness helps to suspendpeople in the water as they bathe for medical reasons. h. The yellow-brown color of the poisonous photochemical smog that is most intenseover large cities is due to nitrogen dioxide that forms in the atmosphere from the emissions of vehicle i. In 1855, pure aluminum sold for $100,000 a pound and was featuredin an exhibition with the crown jewels of France. Charles Martin Hall was a student at Oberlin College when his chemistry professor remarked that anyone who found an inexpensive way to manufacture aluminum would be guaranteedto make a fortune. This remark inducedHall to assemble for $2 a pound. Hall conferred$3 million to Oberlin College when he died. j. In 2001 medical practitionersencouraged parents to rejectmercury-containing thermometers and to purchase digital thermometers instead. The amount of mercury in a single thermometer, if ingested, is generally not enough to cause harm. However, if the significant problems to a child's neurological development. k. Skywriting results when an airplane sprays titanium chloride into the air. It reacts with moisture in the air to form titanium dioxide, a compound that constitutes the white visual effect of "writing" we see in the sky. 50 I. Every year about 21,000 small children undergo emergency procedures in the United States after putting coins (primarily pennies) into their mouths or noses. Apart from the prospect of choking, pennies made after 1981 are not made of 95 percent copper, but of 98 percent zinc, albeitwith a copper coating. The zinc in these newer pennies can react with the stomachs hydrochloric acid to produce a toxic aggregate.55 m. The active ingredients present in fire retardants dropped from planes onto forest fires are ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate. After the fire has terminated,the compounds act as fertilizer to aid in the recoveryof forest growth. n. On hot days, dedicated fishers select deep areas for fishing. Deep areas are cooler, and more oxygen is dissolved in cooler water than in warmer water near the surface. Fish will naturally o. In July 2001 a Time magazine article stated that 98 percent of the wood sold for externaluse in the United States is treated with chromated copper or arsenate. The article's author,Jeffrey Kluger, quotedresearch describing the use of arsenic in the assembly of picnic tables, decks, and children's play equipment. Investigators who tested soil in Florida's playgrounds submitted p.The foundationof a pearl is a grain of sand that has entered the shell of an oyster. Layers of calcium carbonate attachthemselves around the sand to create a pearl. Pearls generally take about three years or more to form in this way. Adapted from James T. Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, and Aaron W. Todd, An Introduction to Physical Science, 10 th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 310-11, 328-29. Essential Academic Vocabulary 1. Vocabulary in Context Determine how the words in column A are used in the reading. Then choose the word or phrase in column B that is closest in meaning. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Column A proceed (line 12) encounters (line 19) insertion (line 22) bulk (line 30) suspend (line 32) induced (line 39) assemble (line 39) conferred (line 41) reject (line 42) prospect (line 51) albeit (line 53) aggregate (line 54) recovery (line 57) highlighted (line 65) foundation (line 66) Column B a.gave b. move c. emphasized d. throw away e. basis f. meets g. though h. large quantity i. mixture j. keep afloat k. convinced I. produce m. restoration n. introduction o. possibility 2. Reading Comprehension Getting the Facts 1. Determine whether the following statements about the chemistry facts in the reading are true (T) or false (F).
_ _ The rusting of iron produces heat. Carbon monoxide can be tasted, smelled, and seen. _ _ Phosphorus has a white glow when it is mixed with oxygen. _ _ Bleach is always a safe household cleaner. _ Laughing gas is used in spray cans of whipping cream. _ Ammonium nitrate is both a fertilizer and an explosive. _ The Dead Sea is so salty that people can float in it. Chapter 18 Chemistry h. _____ Smog is formed from the nitrogen dioxide in vehicle emissions. i. _____ Aluminum was cheap to produce in 1855. j. _____ Thermometers containing mercury are safer than digital thermometers. k. _____ Skywriting is a visual chemical effect. I. _____ Copper pennies may be harmful to the health if swallowed. m. _____ The fire retardants dropped from planes onto forest fires prohibit the regrowth of trees. n. _____ Fish like to swim in deep water where there is less oxygen. o. _____ Arsenic is a poisonous substance that is often used to preserve wood for outside use. p. _____ Pearls are formed when an insect inside an oyster shell is covered by layers of calcium carbonate. 2. The title of the reading is "Chemistry Facts: The Good, the Bad, and the Odd." Read the chemistry facts in exercise 1 and give each one an appropriate label: G (good), B (bad), or O (odd). Compare your labels with a partners labels and be prepared to support your selections.
a. ___ b. ___ c. ___ d. ___ A. B. c. d. e. F. 9- h. i. J-k. I. Essential Academic Vocabulary O Making Inferences 1. In your own words, what is the meaning of the quotation by John Dalton at the beginning of the reading?
2. Some of the chemical reactions described in the reading may be harmful to your health. Why do you think harmful chemicals are available to the public? Should chemical companies and manufacturers be held responsible in case of injuries or death from these chemicals? You must pay close to learn it most 3. Dictionary Skills Review the dictionary entries for odd, oddity, and odds. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with an appropriate word. odd(6d) adj. 1. Unusual; peculiar; strange: odd behavior; an odd name. 2. Being one of an incomplete set or pair: an odd shoe. 3. Not regular or expected: The client telephoned at odd intervals. 4. Relating to whole numbers that are not divisible by two: Three, five, and seven are odd numbers. 5. (used with even numbers). More than the number indicated: There were 20-odd guests at the party. ♦ oddball.Informal. A strange person: He is something of an oddball. odd job.A temporary job that doesn't require skill or training: She worked at a series of odd jobs during college, odd man out.A person not included in a group: Without a date, I felt like the odd man out at the party. odd'ly adv. odd'ness n. [U] odd»l*ty(od'T te) n., pi. odd»i«ties. 1.[C] A person or thing that is strange: The three-legged cat was an oddity. 2. [U] The condition of being odd; strangeness: The oddity of his behavior worried me. odds(odz) pin. 1. The likelihood or probability that sthg. will happen: The odds are that it will rain tomorrow. 2. The chances for and against a certain event: odds of 20 to I. ♦ at odds. In disagreement; in conflict: They were at odds about what to do with the money, odds and ends. Small items of various kinds: a drawer filled with odds and ends, odds are. It is likely: The odds are that he'll fail the test. Chapter 18 Chemistry 1. My brother likes to do chemistry experiments with____________ he finds around the house. 2. When I was a teenager, I did____________ jobs to make some money. 3. White deer are an____________ , but you can see them once in a while. 4. There were 50-___________ people at the chemistry meeting. 5. It's____________ that the professor didn't show up for class. 6. My brother was so tall in elementary school that he always felt like the___________ 7. This chemical has a very___________ name. 8. Professor Branston is something of an___________ , but he's always willing to help students. 9. The____________ are that the chemistry test tomorrow will be really hard. 10. I was____________ with my partner about which lab experiment to do first. 11. Dr. Lee told us to do the assignments from the____________ pages in the textbook. 12. I couldn't find two matching socks, so I had to wear two___________ ones. 4. Word Forms in Sentences Complete the sentences using the grammatically correct form of the word in italics. 1. There are an____________ number of chemical reactions in the natural world. infinity, infinite, infinitely 2. The sea looked____________ blue from the reflection of the blue sky above. intensity, intensify, intense, intensely 3. It is difficult for students to____________ what they will be doing 20 years from now. visualization, visualize, visual, visually 4. Please e-mail me your resume in an____________ attachment, attach, attachable 5. Home heating appliances should undergo a yearly___________ to eliminate the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. inspector, inspection, inspect, inspected 6. This equipment is so____________ that I need to get some help to move it. bulk, bulky, bulkily 7. There is an orientation tomorrow for____________ chemistry majors. prospect, prospect, prospective Essential Academic Vocabulary 8. It can take a long time to make a full____________ from the effects of carbon monoxide poisioning. recovery, recover, recoverable 9. This experiment requires your full attention, so you should____________ carefully. procedure, proceed, procedural 10. Professor Jamison says the oddest things; she's very___________ ! quotation, quote, quotable 5. Collocations mm In the space provided, write the word that can precede all four words in each group to form common collocations. confer highlight implicate insert purchase 1. ____ confer___ a degree, an award, a prize, a medal 2. criminals, suspects, thieves, wrongdoing 3. the importance, differences, similarities, achievements 4. a house, a car, a television, food 5. money, coins, a credit card, disk inspect quote submit terminate undergo 6. manuscripts, articles, budgets, assignments 7. employment, peace talks, weapons tests, pregnancy 8. surgery, change, a bad experience, a transformation 9. luggage, bags, passports, visas 10. ____________ _ a study, an author, a poet, a writer Using the collocations from exercise A, create tensentences that clearly illustrate the meanings of the collocations. 1. _____ Undergraduate degrees and special awards were conferred at -the, graduation ceremony last week.__________________________________________________ Chapter 18 Chemistry 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 6. Word Parts Verb Suffixes: -ate, -ify, -ize, -en fij The suffixes in the chart are common verb endings that all mean "make," "become," or have." Add three verbs to each row in the chart.
-en thicken, lighten, harden, Essential Academic Vocabulary Give the correct verb forms, with the appropriate suffix, of the following nouns. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. implication. visualization fluctuation _ initiative___ subsidv____ elimination maximum _ integration.
11. passivity 12. fright__
13. accumulation 14. drama______
15. administration 16. strength_____
17. organization _ 18. regulation___ 19. simplification. 20. memorization
7. Writing Biography of Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier is commonly called the father of modern chemistry. Write a short biography of Lavoisier in paragraph format, highlighting the principal events of his life. Use connectors (for example, first, in addition, afterward, then) and adverbial clauses (for example, after, before, while) to combine the facts in a logical and coherent manner. Use and underline as many vocabulary words from this chapter as possible. Chapter 18 Chemistry 1743 Born in Paris, France 1754-1761 Attended the College Mazarin, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics 1767 Worked on a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine in France 1768 Selected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences 1771 Married a 13-year-old girl who translated from English into French for him and illustrated his books 1779 Named oxygen as the combustible component of air 1787 Described a chemical system of names, which became the foundation of the modern system of new theories of chemistry and featured a clear statement of the law of conservation of mass clarification of the concept of an element as a simple substance a theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Antoine-Lavoisier E3 Paragraph Writing Write a response to oneof the following topics. Include at least six to eight vocabulary words in your paragraph. 1. Carbon monoxide has no taste, odor, or color. Yet it is a poisonous gas that kills many people each year, especially in the winter when windows are closed and heating systems and other appliances that use fossil fuels are being used every day. Write a paragraph highlighting precautions people should take to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning in the home. The following are some of the precautions that can be taken; be sure to include several ideas of your own as well. Have chimneys checked. Have a licensed professional check all fuel-burning appliances. Install appliances according to the manufacturers' instructions. Never warm up a car in the garage. Never use a gas oven to heat a home. Never use a charcoal grill indoors. Install a carbon monoxide detector. Essential Academic Vocabulary 2. Write a short description of a chemistry fact that is good, bad, or odd. Describe the item, including its chemical composition, any chemical reactions associated with it, and its use in everyday life. Be sure to include any safety recommendations if the reaction is dangerous or an anecdote if it is good or odd. 8. Speaking U Partner Activity: Explaining a Chemistry Concept
It is common practice to designate the relative acidity or basicity of a solution by citing its pH (power of hydrogen) level. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Values from 6 down to 1 indicate increasing acidity, with each drop of one in value meaning a tenfold increase in acidity. Similarly, pH values from 8 up to 15 indicate increasing basicity, with each increase of one in value meaning a tenfold increase in basicity. The following diagram illustrates this concept and shows the pH values of some common solutions.
Reprinted with permission from James T. Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, and Aaron W. Todd, An Introduction to Physical Science, 10th ed. (Boston: Houghton iMifflin, 2003), 332. Chapter 18 Chemistry
Explain the meaning of pH. Describe the range of"the chart and what the values indicate. Highlight the products indicated on the diagram, explaining what each one is used for, if necessary. Add two more products to the chart and estimate their level of acidity (for example, orange juice, tomatoes, soap, dishwashing liquid). Deduce what might happen if a person had a blood pH lower than 7 or higher than 8. How can pH level be utilized by medical practitioners? E3 Conducting an Interview Choose one of the following interview situations. Prepare for your interview by listing sixto eight specific questions to ask. Conduct the interview, take notes on the responses, and report uhe results of the interview to a partner or the class. Note: See Chapter 4 for a list of polite expressions useful in conducting interviews.
Essential Academic Vocabulary
1. You are taking a required course in chemistry this semester, and you are finding the course difficult. You face the prospect of failing the course because you just cant remember the formulas and abbreviations for the names of chemicals. Interview a student majoring in chemistry or a chemistry professor to get advice on the best ways to memorize the material and pass the course. Ask if there are any possibilities for getting chemistry tutoring. 2. Visit your campus careers center and consult a staff member about careers available for chemistry majors. Ask about the type of jobs available for people with undergraduate and graduate degrees in chemistry, the job security and prospects for professional advancement, the range of salaries in these jobs, and the personal characteristics suited to these job situations. Find out if the careers center will provide assistance for resume writing, interviewing skills, and job placement.
Information Science and Technology WORD LIST
topic sum Essintiai Academic Vocabulary PREVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is meant by privacy in the context of the digital age? What is the controversy surrounding digital privacy? 2. When you make a purchase online, do you worry about credit card security? Do you think that information about your purchase is kept private or that it may be distributed to other businesses? 3. Do you get a lot of unsolicited e-mail that advertises products similar to others that you have purchased online in the past? How do advertisers obtain your e-mail address? Do you ever buy items from these advertisements?
4. How do you feel about your name and consumer history being given or sold to other businesses? Do you find this practice ethical? How can you prevent your data from being obtained by others? 5. Do you think that the government also has access to personal information about you obtained from your Internet purchases and surfing habits? Could this information be used against you? 6. How do you expect the issue of digital privacy to be resolved in the future? Reading Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1459
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rally describe the diagram to a partner, sequencing the information in a logical way.
