No extinction hypothesis has yet been confirmed____

4. Word Forms

S3 Chart Completion

Complete the chart with the corresponding noun form of each verb.

precede

Chapter 17 • Geology

Word Forms in Sentences

Create five new sentences about the mass extinction of dinosaurs, using a noun and a verb from the chart in the previous exercise in each sentence.

1.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6,

The collapse of -the dinosaurs Mail have, been -triggered by a Meieoriie.

5. Collocations

■ilThe following verbs are typically found in combination with specific nouns. Match the verbs with the nouns to make meaningful phrases.

accumulate attain

conceive confirm

dramatize inhibit

reverse trigger

1.

2. 3.

a disaster 4. identity 5. growth 6.

independence 7.
wealth 8.

a story

a decision a child

In each of the following sentences, add an adverb that commonly collocates with the boldface verb. The adverb should reflect the content of the reading.

completely

easily

exactly

fully

further

partially

rapidly

roughly

seriously

significantly

slightly

steadily

sufficiently

totally

virtually

1. This hypothesis seems to conform

to the facts.

2. Several hypotheses agree that the food chain collapsed__

extinctions.

3. Knowledge about dinosaurs has accumulated_________

4.Hypotheses cannot be confirmed____________

5. Atmospheric dust____________ inhibitedthe growth of vegetation.

Essential Academic Vocabulary

6. No extinction hypothesis has _

7. A meteorite strike might have

8. Sometimes hypotheses are__

9. Opinions of scientists tend to overlap_ 10.The mass extinction hypothesis may be

__ attainedthe status of theory.

__ coincidedwith a volcanic eruption.

Reversed.

clarifiedin the future.

6. Word Parts

over- (higher, greater, too much)

The prefix over- means "higher," "greater," or "too much."

Complete each sentence with a verb or an adjective that summarizes the meaning of the sentence. Be sure to use the correct tense of the verbs.

1. Jim didn't wake up until 9:00, so he missed the meeting. He__ ove.rsle.pt_

2. This coat costs far too much. Its__ overpriced_

3. My sister has put on about 30 pounds in the last year. She's___________

4. Bill took too much medicine and had to go to the hospital. He_____________

5. I went to see the new movie, but it lasted three hours. It was____________

Chapter 17 • Geology 183

6. I don't know why Elizabeth was so angry when she heard the news. She___________

7. My sister gave birth to a baby girl last night. I'm____________

8. I paid $25 for this shirt, but it was supposed to cost only $20. I was____________

9. My father has a job in Europe at the moment. He's____________

10. Ben wore his best suit to the party, but he should have worn jeans. He was___________

11. I ate a whole pizza for lunch, and now I feel sick. T___________

12. I didn't get the job because they're looking for someone with only an undergraduate degree. I was

13. It rained so hard that the water from the river almost reached our house. The river

14. He was supposed to arrive at 5:00, but now it's 7:00. He's____________

15. This area used to be quiet and uncrowded, but now there are people and cars everywhere. It's

7. Writing

3 Writing a Summary

See Appendix TV for additional information on summarizing.

Reread the article "What Caused the Extinction of the Dinosaurs?" OR find another article on the Internet about the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Take notes in your own words about the main ideas and supporting details in the text. Use your notes to summarize the article. Include and underline at least six to eight vocabulary wordsin your summary.

Paragraph Writing

Write a response to oneof the following topics. Include at least six to eight vocabulary words

in your paragraph.

1. There have been several popular movies about dinosaurs in the last few years, including The Lost World, Jurassic Park, and Dinosaur Island. There have also been many video and computer games featuring dinosaurs. Write a paragraph describing one dinosaur movie that you have seen or one game that you have played. Focus on the special effects used and how the main characters interacted with the dinosaurs. Do you think that the dinosaurs were depicted realistically? Were the dinosaurs frightening? What was your overall impression of the movie or game?

2. In most areas of the world, there are interesting geological features that show how the land has changed over time. Describe an interesting geological formation near your university or in a place you have visited. What other geological features are visible in this region? What do these features reveal about how the land has changed? Are there any fossils in this area? What surprises or interests you about these formations?

184 Essential Academic Vocabulary

8. Speaking

23 Partner Activity: Researching a Geological Formation

With a partner, research a place with interesting geological formations or fossil remains. Many U.S. national parks and monuments, along with other geological features in the United States and the world, have many geological features. Here are a few places to get you started:

• Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona

• Badlands National Park, South Dakota

• Canyonlands National Park, Utah

• Dinosaur National Monument, Utah and Colorado

• Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico

• Arches National Park, Utah

• Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

• the San Andreas Fault, California

• Mt. Fuji, Japan

• the Great Rift Valley, Africa

Your research should focus on the geology of the area, any fossil discoveries, and any hypotheses or theories associated with the formations.

Prepare with your partner a short oral presentation with visuals (photographs, illustrations, and maps) to show the class.

M Role-Plays

Using new vocabulary words from this chapter, act out the following role-plays.

1. You are planning a trip with a friend to the American West this summer. You want to hike down to the bottom of the Grand Canyon to see all the layers of rock exposed through erosion. However, your friend wants to go to Dinosaur National Monument to see the collections of dinosaur bones that are displayed there. Discuss the trip with your friend and try to make a decision about which place to visit.

2. You are taking a geology class this semester, and your professor has just given a lecture about the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and the various hypotheses that scientists have proposed. Afterward, you debate with a friend which hypothesis seems the most likely. You think a meteorite was the cause, but your friend thinks it was a massive volcanic eruption. Use examples to support your opinion.

http://www.college.hmco.com/esl/students

For more activities related to this chapter, go to the Essential Academic Vocabulary website.

%~> '-*

Chemistry

WORD LIST

186 Essintiai Academic Vocabuiary

PREVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Have you ever taken a chemistry course? What are the specific challenges of chemistry courses?

2. How does chemistry affect our lives on a daily basis? What kinds of chemical reactions are useful to us?

3. How does chemistry affect what we eat?

4. What advances in medicine are possible because of chemistry?

READINCx CHEMISTRY FACTS: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE ODD

Column A

proceed (line 12) encounters (line 19) insertion (line 22) bulk (line 30) suspend (line 32) induced (line 39) assemble (line 39) conferred (line 41) reject (line 42) prospect (line 51) albeit (line 53) aggregate (line 54) recovery (line 57) highlighted (line 65) foundation (line 66)

Column B

a.gave

b. move

c. emphasized

d. throw away

e. basis

f. meets

g. though

h. large quantity

i. mixture

j. keep afloat

k. convinced

I. produce

m. restoration

n. introduction

o. possibility

2. Reading Comprehension

Getting the Facts

1. Determine whether the following statements about the chemistry facts in the reading are true (T) or false (F).

_ _ The rusting of iron produces heat.

— Carbon monoxide can be tasted, smelled, and seen.

_ _ Phosphorus has a white glow when it is mixed with oxygen.

_ _ Bleach is always a safe household cleaner.

_ Laughing gas is used in spray cans of whipping cream.

_ Ammonium nitrate is both a fertilizer and an explosive.

_ The Dead Sea is so salty that people can float in it.

Chapter 18 • Chemistry

h. _____ Smog is formed from the nitrogen dioxide in vehicle emissions.

i. _____ Aluminum was cheap to produce in 1855.

j. _____ Thermometers containing mercury are safer than digital thermometers.

k. _____ Skywriting is a visual chemical effect.

I. _____ Copper pennies may be harmful to the health if swallowed.

m. _____ The fire retardants dropped from planes onto forest fires prohibit the regrowth of

trees.

n. _____ Fish like to swim in deep water where there is less oxygen.

o. _____ Arsenic is a poisonous substance that is often used to preserve wood for outside

use.

p. _____ Pearls are formed when an insect inside an oyster shell is covered by layers of

calcium carbonate.

2. The title of the reading is "Chemistry Facts: The Good, the Bad, and the Odd." Read the chemistry facts in exercise 1 and give each one an appropriate label: G (good), B (bad), or O (odd). Compare your labels with a partners labels and be prepared to support your selections.

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

A.

B. c. d.

e.

F.

9-

h.

i.

J-k.

I.

Essential Academic Vocabulary

O Making Inferences

1. In your own words, what is the meaning of the quotation by John Dalton at the beginning of the reading?

2. Some of the chemical reactions described in the reading may be harmful to your health. Why do you think harmful chemicals are available to the public? Should chemical companies and manufacturers be held responsible in case of injuries or death from these chemicals?

You must pay close
___________________________________________________________ attention to a word

to learn it most
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- effectively.

3. Dictionary Skills

Review the dictionary entries for odd, oddity, and odds. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with an appropriate word.

odd(6d) adj. 1. Unusual; peculiar; strange: odd behavior; an odd name. 2. Being one of an incomplete set or pair: an odd shoe. 3. Not regular or expected: The client telephoned at odd intervals. 4. Relating to whole numbers that are not divisible by two: Three, five, and seven are odd numbers. 5. (used with even numbers). More than the number indicated: There were 20-odd guests at the party. ♦ oddball.Informal. A strange person: He is something of an oddball. odd job.A temporary job that doesn't require skill or training: She worked at a series of odd jobs during college, odd man out.A person not included in a group: Without a date, I felt like the odd man out at the party. —odd'ly adv. —odd'ness n. [U]

odd»l*ty(od'T te) n., pi. odd»i«ties. 1.[C] A person or thing that is strange: The three-legged cat was an oddity. 2. [U] The condition of being odd; strangeness: The oddity of his behavior worried me.

odds(odz) pin. 1. The likelihood or probability that sthg. will happen: The odds are that it will rain tomorrow. 2. The chances for and against a certain event: odds of 20 to I. ♦ at odds. In disagreement; in conflict: They were at odds about what to do with the money, odds and ends. Small items of various kinds: a drawer filled with odds and ends, odds are. It is likely: The odds are that he'll fail the test.

Chapter 18 • Chemistry

1. My brother likes to do chemistry experiments with____________ he finds around the

house.

2. When I was a teenager, I did____________ jobs to make some money.

3. White deer are an____________ , but you can see them once in a while.

4. There were 50-___________ people at the chemistry meeting.

5. It's____________ that the professor didn't show up for class.

6. My brother was so tall in elementary school that he always felt like the___________

7. This chemical has a very___________ name.

8. Professor Branston is something of an___________ , but he's always willing to help

students.

9. The____________ are that the chemistry test tomorrow will be really hard.

10. I was____________ with my partner about which lab experiment to do first.

11. Dr. Lee told us to do the assignments from the____________ pages in the textbook.

12. I couldn't find two matching socks, so I had to wear two___________ ones.

4. Word Forms in Sentences

Complete the sentences using the grammatically correct form of the word in italics.

1. There are an____________ number of chemical reactions in the natural world.

infinity, infinite, infinitely

2. The sea looked____________ blue from the reflection of the blue sky above.

intensity, intensify, intense, intensely

3. It is difficult for students to____________ what they will be doing 20 years from now.

visualization, visualize, visual, visually

4. Please e-mail me your resume in an____________

attachment, attach, attachable

5. Home heating appliances should undergo a yearly___________ to eliminate the risk of

carbon monoxide poisoning.

inspector, inspection, inspect, inspected

6. This equipment is so____________ that I need to get some help to move it.

bulk, bulky, bulkily

7. There is an orientation tomorrow for____________ chemistry majors.

prospect, prospect, prospective

Essential Academic Vocabulary

8. It can take a long time to make a full____________ from the effects of carbon monoxide

poisioning.

recovery, recover, recoverable

9. This experiment requires your full attention, so you should____________ carefully.

procedure, proceed, procedural

10. Professor Jamison says the oddest things; she's very___________ !

quotation, quote, quotable

5. Collocations

mm In the space provided, write the word that can precede all four words in each group to form common collocations.

confer highlight implicate insert purchase

1. ____ confer___ _a degree, an award, a prize, a medal

2. criminals, suspects, thieves, wrongdoing

3. the importance, differences, similarities, achievements

4. a house, a car, a television, food

5. money, coins, a credit card, disk

inspect quote submit terminate undergo

6. manuscripts, articles, budgets, assignments

7. employment, peace talks, weapons tests, pregnancy

8. surgery, change, a bad experience, a transformation

9. luggage, bags, passports, visas

10. ____________ _ a study, an author, a poet, a writer

Using the collocations from exercise A, create tensentences that clearly illustrate the meanings of the collocations.

1. _____ Undergraduate degrees and special awards were conferred at -the, graduation

ceremony last week.__________________________________________________

Chapter 18 • Chemistry

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

9.

10.

11.

6. Word Parts

Verb Suffixes: -ate, -ify, -ize, -en

fij The suffixes in the chart are common verb endings that all mean "make," "become," or have." Add three verbs to each row in the chart.

-en

thicken, lighten, harden,

Essential Academic Vocabulary

Give the correct verb forms, with the appropriate suffix, of the following nouns.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

implication.
termination
intensity__

visualization fluctuation _

initiative___

subsidv____

elimination maximum _ integration.

11. passivity

12. fright__

13. accumulation

14. drama______

15. administration

16. strength_____

17. organization _

18. regulation___

19. simplification.

20. memorization

7. Writing

Biography of Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Lavoisier is commonly called the father of modern chemistry. Write a short biography of Lavoisier in paragraph format, highlighting the principal events of his life. Use connectors (for example, first, in addition, afterward, then) and adverbial clauses (for example, after, before, while) to combine the facts in a logical and coherent manner. Use and underline as many vocabulary words from this chapter as possible.

Chapter 18 • Chemistry

1743 Born in Paris, France

1754-1761 Attended the College Mazarin, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and

mathematics
1764 Authored his first chemical publication

1767 Worked on a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine in France

1768 Selected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences

1771 Married a 13-year-old girl who translated from English into French for him and

illustrated his books
1775 Served on the Royal Gunpowder Administration

1779 Named oxygen as the combustible component of air

1787 Described a chemical system of names, which became the foundation of the

modern system
1789 Published the first modern chemical textbook, which contributed a unified view

of new theories of chemistry and featured

• a clear statement of the law of conservation of mass

• clarification of the concept of an element as a simple substance

• a theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements
1794 Implicated as a traitor by French revolutionaries and beheaded

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Antoine-Lavoisier

E3 Paragraph Writing

Write a response to oneof the following topics. Include at least six to eight vocabulary words

in your paragraph.

1. Carbon monoxide has no taste, odor, or color. Yet it is a poisonous gas that kills many people each year, especially in the winter when windows are closed and heating systems and other appliances that use fossil fuels are being used every day. Write a paragraph highlighting precautions people should take to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning in the home. The following are some of the precautions that can be taken; be sure to include several ideas of your own as well.

• Have chimneys checked.

• Have a licensed professional check all fuel-burning appliances.

• Install appliances according to the manufacturers' instructions.

• Never warm up a car in the garage.

• Never use a gas oven to heat a home.

• Never use a charcoal grill indoors.

• Install a carbon monoxide detector.

Essential Academic Vocabulary

2. Write a short description of a chemistry fact that is good, bad, or odd. Describe the item, including its chemical composition, any chemical reactions associated with it, and its use in everyday life. Be sure to include any safety recommendations if the reaction is dangerous or an anecdote if it is good or odd.

8. Speaking

U Partner Activity: Explaining a Chemistry Concept

It is common practice to designate the relative acidity or basicity of a solution by citing its pH (power of hydrogen) level. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Values from 6 down to 1 indicate increasing acidity, with each drop of one in value meaning a tenfold increase in acidity. Similarly, pH values from 8 up to 15 indicate increasing basicity, with each increase of one in value meaning a tenfold increase in basicity. The following diagram illustrates this concept and shows the pH values of some common solutions.

Reprinted with permission from James T. Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, and Aaron W. Todd, An Introduction to Physical Science, 10th ed. (Boston: Houghton iMifflin, 2003), 332.

Chapter 18 • Chemistry

rally describe the diagram to a partner, sequencing the information in a logical way.

• Explain the meaning of pH.

• Describe the range of"the chart and what the values indicate.

• Highlight the products indicated on the diagram, explaining what each one is used for, if necessary.

• Add two more products to the chart and estimate their level of acidity (for example, orange juice, tomatoes, soap, dishwashing liquid).

• Deduce what might happen if a person had a blood pH lower than 7 or higher than 8. How can pH level be utilized by medical practitioners?

E3 Conducting an Interview

Choose one of the following interview situations. Prepare for your interview by listing sixto eight specific questions to ask. Conduct the interview, take notes on the responses, and report uhe results of the interview to a partner or the class. Note: See Chapter 4 for a list of polite expressions useful in conducting interviews.

Essential Academic Vocabulary

1. You are taking a required course in chemistry this semester, and you are finding the course difficult. You face the prospect of failing the course because you just cant remember the formulas and abbreviations for the names of chemicals. Interview a student majoring in chemistry or a chemistry professor to get advice on the best ways to memorize the material and pass the course. Ask if there are any possibilities for getting chemistry tutoring.

2. Visit your campus careers center and consult a staff member about careers available for chemistry majors. Ask about the type of jobs available for people with undergraduate and graduate degrees in chemistry, the job security and prospects for professional advancement, the range of salaries in these jobs, and the personal characteristics suited to these job situations. Find out if the careers center will provide assistance for resume writing, interviewing skills, and job placement.

Information Science and Technology

WORD LIST

topic

sum

Essintiai Academic Vocabulary

PREVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by privacy in the context of the digital age? What is the controversy surrounding digital privacy?

2. When you make a purchase online, do you worry about credit card security? Do you think that information about your purchase is kept private or that it may be distributed to other businesses?

3. Do you get a lot of unsolicited e-mail that advertises products similar to others that you have purchased online in the past? How do advertisers obtain your e-mail address? Do you ever buy items from these advertisements?

4. How do you feel about your name and consumer history being given or sold to other businesses? Do you find this practice ethical? How can you prevent your data from being obtained by others?

5. Do you think that the government also has access to personal information about you obtained from your Internet purchases and surfing habits? Could this information be used against you?

6. How do you expect the issue of digital privacy to be resolved in the future?

Reading

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