LIE DETECTION TESTS

Detecting (1)____________ patterns of physical response associated with different emotions is

(2)____________ to the lie detection industry If people experience (3)____________ anxiety

or guilt when they tell a lie, specific patterns of physical reactions should be (4)___________

on a piece of (5)___________ , called a polygraph, that records heart rate, breathing, skin

changes, and other automatic responses.

Most people do have (6)____________ emotional responses when they lie, but statistics

about the (7)____________ of polygraphs are difficult to obtain. (8)____________ estimates

vary widely, from those suggesting that polygraphs (9)___________ 90 percent of guilty, lying

individuals, to those suggesting that polygraphs are (10)___________ in 40 percent of cases.

Obviously, the results of a polygraph test are not determined entirely by whether a person is telling the truth. What people think about the act of lying, as well as about the value of the test

itself, can also (11)___________ the results. For example, people who consider lying to be

acceptable—and who do not (12)____________ the power of polygraphs—are unlikely to

(13)____________ emotion-related physiological responses while lying during the test.

However, an innocent person who believes in such tests and who thinks that "everything always
goes wrong" might show a large fear response when asked about a crime, thus someone might
wrongly (14)____________ guilt.

156 Essential Academic Vocabulary

Polygraph tests can detect some liars, but most (15)

agree that a guilty person

a lie detector. Moreover, inaccurate

_________ from the test may lead some innocent people to be mislabeled as guilty.

Because of the ongoing (19)___________ about the difficulty of (20)____________ between

the guilty and the innocent, a majority of psychologists in the United States do not support the use of polygraph results as evidence in court.

Adapted from Douglas A. Bernstein, Louis A. Penner, Alison Clarke-Stewart, and Edward J. Roy, Psychology, 6th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 420-21.

2. Synonyms

Match the nouns in column A with their meanings in column B.

Column A

Column B

maturity conflict neutrality scope

„ expansion

_ presumption

.. transformation 14. 15.

3. Odd Word Out

abstract

incentive

domain

ices

bond

notion

clause trend

a. payment

b. not supporting
either side

c. idea

d. assumption

e. change

f. behavior of an adult

g. tendency

h. group of words in a sentence

i. range

j. area of knowledge k. close relationship

I. summary

m. disagreement

n. increase in size or number

o. motivation

Cross out the word in each line that does NOT have a similar meaning to the other three words.

1. instructions, enhancement, directions, orientation

2. nevertheless, nonetheless, virtually, notwithstanding

3. capacity, ability, creativity, capability

4. primarily, ultimately, finally, eventually

5. colleague, coworker, associate, estate

6. transmit, channel, incorporate, convey

7. ongoing, complex, complicated, difficult

8. deduce, dispose, infer, conclude

9. mental, psychological, incompatible, intellectual
10. furthermore, likewise, similarly, correspondingly

Chapter 15 • Review

4. Word Forms in Sentences

Complete the following sentences using the grammatically correct form of the word in italics. (It may be necessary to change a verb form or tense or to make a noun plural.)

1. Although the professor gave___________ directions for the research paper, I was still

confused.

definition, define, definite, definitely

2. The number of words in my term paper____________ the requirement by about 500

words, so I had to shorten it.

excess, exceed, excessive, excessively

3. The combination of the two chemicals had a____________ effect on them.

neutrality, neutralize, neutralizing, neutral, neutrally

4. I am currently researching the reasons birds___________ in the winter.

migration, migrant, migrate

5. There is an____________ of the students' projects in the lab.

exhibit, exhibition, exhibitionism, exhibito

6. My computer does not have the____________ to download these documents.

capability, capable, capably

7. When my roommate said that he was working late in the lab, I____________ that he was

working on his thesis.

presumption, presume, presumptive, presumptively

8. In my history course, we are discussing the different ways in which workers were
in the early nineteenth century.

exploitation, exploit, exploitative

9. The article I need for my research paper was___________ in Psychology Today in June

1998.

publication, publisher, publish

10. During the Industrial Revolution, there was a complete____________ of society in urban

areas.

transformation, transformer, transform, transformable

Essential Academic Vocabulary

5. Collocations

Combine a word from column A with a word in column B to form a common collocation. Then match the two-word collocation with its definition.

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

a temporary inability to remember something

vehicles such as trains and buses that you pay a fee to ride

a way of living that is different from the norm

a rule that is broken by a driver

the number of people or animals continuing to live

the opinion of a doctor about a health issue

the act of touching or being close to another person

the maximum number of people allowed in a public space

areas of learning that promote abstract thinking and the acquisition of general knowledge

a computer environment that simulates real life

6. Word Parts

■IHComplete the adjectives with the correct ending {-al, Ave, -ent, -ant, -ic, -ish, -ous, -ious, -able).

Chapter 15 • Review

■tilCombine the word parts in box A with the word parts in box B to create as many words as possible.

BOXA

micro-

tele-

phon-

mega-

sym-

trans-

BOXB

-phone -erne -fcr -fuse

-scribe -act -port -plant

-mit -ology -phony -etics

-late -form -drama -path(y)

-(o)logist -iatrist

psych(

o.-

microphone,, pstfehodrawa.

http://www.college.hmco.com/esl/students

For more activities related to this chapter, go to the Essential Academic Vocabulary website.

Environmental Science

WORD LIST

Chapter 16 • Environmental Science 161

PREVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What are some differences between renewable and 5. What energy sources do people in developing
nonrenewable energy sources? countries use to heat their homes and cook their

food⁷

2. What are fossil fuels? What are their advantages and

disadvantages? 6. What types of alternative energy sources are used in

. ,,,, , . , ■ ,. ., your region? For what purposes are these energy

3. What is meant by alternative enerqy? j-,

^{J 3J} sources used?

7. If you were going to build a house, what type of alternative energy source would you incorporate into

common form of energy for heating homes and . , . _?..., ₇

businesses?

Reading

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