Typology of meanings

According to different approaches in linguistic and semantic studies, next types of meanings can be distinguished:- actual m. – actualized in speech, specified by linguistic and situational context;- associative m. – weak implication, a conceptual entity to which the systemic m. of a given word merely hints, indirectly implies, which is trigged by association;- bound m. – actualized by a word in a given phrase or context, predetermined by semantic or morphosyntactic combinability (or collocationally or colligationally bound);- broad m. – resulting from generalization of meaning, when word develops the broadest referential capacity possible; further stage is deemantization and loss of purely lexical meaning, transformation of a lexical unit into a grammatical morpheme;- categorial m. – part-of-speech meaning;- cognitive m. – a) same as conceptual or denotative or nominative or main meaning; b) the conceptual core, significative part of m. reflecting essential features of the referent conceptualized by our cognition; distinct from pragmatic m.;- colligationally and collocationally conditioned m.;- connotative m. - emotional, suggestive meaning of the word;- contentional m. – reflects the structure of essential features of a notion, name;- contextual m. – brought in by the contextual (both verbal and non-verbal) environment of the word; acquired on a definite occasion only;- derived m.;- direct m. – the main meaning of the word, which appears in the act of primary semiosis;- dynamic m. – actually, any m. is characterized by certain dynamism – ability to change either synchronically or diachronically, so that it would be correct to discriminate between dictionary meaning as being static and speech meaning as dynamic, although in a current speech event meaning is necessarily subject to contextual influence hence actual is more dynamic that virtual meaning;- etymological m. – original m. of a word, which later on underwent semantic changes;- expressive m.;- further m. – meaning or meanings within the prospective scope of semantic changes (only vaguely) predetermined by the current semantics of the word, the prospective sphere of its semantic variation;- figurative m.;- free m. – nominative meaning can be regarded as ‘free’ as distinct from the collocational and colligational meanings as bound ones;- functional m. – grammatical meaning of a word (word-like unit) as an element of syntax, predetermined by its categorical, subcategorial meaning and individual lexical m.;- generic m. – reflection in lexical m. of a generic concept, concept of the higher level of abstraction;- grammatical m. – meaning of the grammatic form of a word;- idiomatic m. – meaning, actualized within certain idiomatic expression only, idiomatically bound meaning;- lexical m. – meaning of a lexical unit, comprises categorical meaning, subcategorical meaning and individual meaning of a lexeme; reflects a certain part of corresponding concept on the level of language;- lexico-grammatical m. – categorial meaning;- main m. – nominative m.;- naive m. – lexical meaning as represented in the mind in common native speaker, not an expert in the field which includes the denotatum of the word;- next m. – meaning or meanings within the actual scope of semantic derivation of a lexeme, easily predetermined or expected by the core semantics (lexical prototype) of the word;- nominative m.

– also basic, main, direct, conceptual, cognitive meaning of the word, referring to objects, phenomena, actions and qualities in extralinguistic reality (referent) and reflecting their general understanding by the speaker (can be correlated with referential denotative, descriptive, factual, objective meaning.); realization of the word’s nominative capacity (to serve as a name for some extralinguistic entity). The nominative meaning also has the following ‘free’ authentic equivalents in English: essential, central, domain, primary, focal, pivotal, common, usual – which are mostly used to avoid repetition in speech and not as technical terms;- nominative-descriptive m. – comes into being when the word is stretched out semantically as a result of semantic derivation to cover new facts and phenomena of extralinguistic reality;- original m. – etymological m.;- phraseological m. (phraseological bound meaning) – also idiomatic meaning – the meaning which is realized only in some phrases and belongs only to a given collocation – when a word is habitually associated together with another word to form a ‘natural-sounding’ combination: e.g. to raise becomes part of the phrase meaning ‘to show surprise’ in to raise one’s eyebrows (at smb.);- pragmatic m. – semantic component of lexical m. (as distinct from conceptual meaning)which reflects the attitudes, emotions of the speakers (either personal or communal), so it can be regarded a correlative term to connotation;- primary m. – which to the greatest degree is dependent upon or conditioned by its paradigmatic links, while such meanings as display a greater degree of syntagmatic ties are secondary;- referential m.;- secondary m.;- significative m.;- situational m.;- specific m. – meaning of the specific term, correlates with the specific concept, a subordinate one in the hierarchical taxonomy;- usual m. – meaning, accepted by the language-speaking community, fixed in dictionaries, reproduced in speech actualizations of the word.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1767